Biology Chapter: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Photosynthesis

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Questions and Answers

Where do light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

  • In the nucleus
  • In the stroma
  • In the thylakoid membranes (correct)
  • In the cytoplasm

A stack of thylakoids is known as grana.

True (A)

What pigment is primarily responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

Photosynthesis occurs in the __________.

<p>chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to photosynthesis with their descriptions:

<p>Chloroplast = Site of photosynthesis Thylakoid = Membrane structure within chloroplasts Grana = Stacks of thylakoids Chlorophyll = Pigment that captures light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of xylem in a plant?

<p>Transporting water and nutrients from the roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phloem is responsible for bringing water to the plant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll captures sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plant tissue that transports nutrients such as glucose is called __________.

<p>phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles in photosynthesis:

<p>Chlorophyll = Captures sunlight Xylem = Transports water and minerals Phloem = Delivers glucose to plant parts Stoma = Allows gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (A), ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP is used to create glucose during photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucose in plants?

<p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances are the reactants required for the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Water and sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose has more __________ energy compared to ATP.

<p>stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen is a polymer form of glucose used for energy storage in plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is known as the primary energy carrier in cells?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>ATP = Energy currency of the cell Glucose = Primary energy source for many organisms Light-dependent reactions = Convert light energy into chemical energy Stored energy = Energy in the form of chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do stomata play in plants?

<p>They allow CO2 and water to enter the plant cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemosynthesis is a process that occurs in plants through the chloroplast.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking water apart using the sun's energy is called __________.

<p>photolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thylakoid in chloroplasts?

<p>The thylakoid is where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each plant component with its function:

<p>Xylem = Transports water and dissolved nutrients to cells Phloem = Transports glucose and other organic nutrients Mesophyll = Primary site of photosynthesis Grana/Granum = Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, carbon goes from ________ to glucose.

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of light energy in photosynthesis?

<p>To convert light energy into chemical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pigments with their characteristics:

<p>Chlorophyll A = Main pigment in photosystems Chlorophyll B = Accessory pigment for capturing light Carotenoids = Pigments that capture sunlight energy NADPH = Energy-carrying molecule formed in light reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

NADP+ is transformed into NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas is produced during the photolysis of water?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, resulting in hydrogen ions and ________ gas.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their correct products:

<p>Photolysis = O2 (oxygen gas) NADP+ reduction = NADPH ADP phosphorylation = ATP Calvin Cycle = Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis location

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.

Light-dependent reaction location

The light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes.

Thylakoid stacks

A stack of thylakoids forms grana.

Chlorophyll location

Chlorophyll is within the thylakoid membranes

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Grana function

Grana are stacks of thylakoids where light-dependent reactions take place.

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Xylem and Phloem

The plant's veins that transport water and dissolved glucose.

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Chlorophyll

Plant pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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Pigments

Colored compounds absorbing specific sunlight wavelengths that help in photosynthesis.

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Stoma

Pores in leaves that allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out).

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Mesophyll

Photosynthetic tissue in leaves.

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ATP vs. Glucose

ATP is used for immediate energy, glucose stores energy for later use

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Glucose Energy

Glucose contains more stored energy than ATP

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Light-Dependent Reactions

Reactions in photosynthesis using light energy

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Photosynthesis Reactants

Water and light energy are used in photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis Products

Sugars(glucose) and Oxygen are produced.

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Photolysis

The breaking down of water into hydrogen ions and oxygen during photosynthesis.

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NADPH

Energized form of NADP+ in photosynthesis.

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ATP

Energized form of ADP storing energy in plants.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food.

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Cellular Respiration

Process of turning glucose to CO2.

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Thylakoid

Site of light-dependent reactions in chloroplasts.

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Glucose

A carbohydrate monomer used for energy storage.

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Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

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Chloroplast

Plant cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

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Study Notes

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

  • Autotrophs produce their own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
  • Heterotrophs consume other organisms for energy.

Food Chains

  • Autotrophs are the primary producers.
  • Herbivores are primary consumers.
  • Carnivores are secondary consumers.
  • Scavengers and decomposers consume other consumers.

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts

  • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
  • Light-dependent reactions happen in thylakoid membranes.
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in stroma.
  • Thylakoids are stacks called grana.

Photosynthesis Location in the Leaf

  • Photosynthesis happens in the stoma and mesophyll of the leaf.
  • Xylem brings water, phloem brings glucose.

Pigments and Photosynthesis

  • Pigments absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
  • Chlorophyll absorbs blue/violet and red wavelengths.
  • Green light is not absorbed but reflected, which is why plants appear green.

Glucose and ATP

  • Glucose stores energy.
  • ATP is an energy-carrying molecule.

Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
  • Water molecules split (photolysis), creating hydrogen ions and oxygen.
  • NADP+ converts to NADPH and ADP to ATP.

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  • Carbon dioxide is converted to glucose.
  • Reactants: CO2, NADPH, ATP; Products: Glucose, NADP+, ADP.

Vocabulary

  • Autotroph: Organism that makes its own food.
  • Heterotroph: Organism that consumes other organisms.
  • Detrivore: Organisms that break down dead organisms.
  • Photosynthesis: Process of creating glucose from CO2.
  • Cellular Respiration: Process of turning glucose into CO2.
  • Chemosynthesis: Energy creation by some bacteria using chemical processes.
  • ATP: Energy carrying molecule.
  • ADP: Not energy carrying molecule.
  • NADPH: Energy carrying molecule.
  • NADP+: De-energized energy molecule.
  • Chloroplast: Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
  • Thylakoid: Site of light-dependent reactions.
  • Stroma: Site of the Calvin cycle.
  • Carotenoids: Pigments capturing sunlight energy.
  • Chlorophyll: Pigment in plants that captures sunlight.
  • Stoma: Tiny openings for gas exchange.

Carbon Fixation

  • Process involving C3, C4, and CAM pathways.
  • Carbon from CO2 is incorporated into glucose.

Other Important Terms

  • Glucose: Carbohydrate used for energy storage.
  • Glycogen: Polymer of glucose.
  • Phosphate: Form of phosphoric acid.
  • CO2: Carbon dioxide, gas used in photosynthesis.
  • O2: Oxygen gas released during photosynthesis.
  • Electron Transport Chain: Movement of energized electrons.
  • Enzyme: Molecules speeding up reactions.
  • Rubisco: Example of an enzyme in photosynthesis.
  • Xylem: Transports water to plant cells.
  • Phloem: Transports dissolved glucose.
  • Epidermis: Outer layer of plant leaves.
  • Stomata: Pores to exchange gas in leaves.
  • Guard Cells: Regulate stomata opening.
  • Mesophyll: Part of leaf where photosynthesis mostly occurs.
  • Organelle: Part of the cell with a specific function.

Photolysis

  • Water breaking apart due to sunlight energy.

Photosynthesis Equation

  • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)

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