Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards: Cell Structure

Study Notes

Cell Basics

Cells are the fundamental units of all forms of life.
Cell theory defines that all living organisms are composed of cells, which serve as the basic structure and function units, and that new cells arise from existing ones.

Cell Structure

Cell Membrane: A thin, flexible barrier regulating entry and exit for nutrients and waste.
Nucleus: The control center containing DNA, with double membranes and pores for material exchange.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid surrounding organelles, located outside of the nucleus but within the cell membrane.
Organelles: Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.

Cell Types

Eukaryotes: Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include all organisms except bacteria.
Prokaryotes: Unicellular organisms without a nucleus; DNA is located in the cytoplasm; examples include bacteria.

Organelles and Their Functions

Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found in the cytoplasm or on rough ER; produced in the nucleolus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network for transporting materials; divided into rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or export; known as the packaging center.
Mitochondria: Produce energy by converting chemical energy from food; have inner membrane folds called cristae to increase surface area.
Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, capturing sunlight energy and converting it to chemical energy; contain chlorophyll.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digesting biomaterials; referred to as the "suicide sac" for their role in breaking down waste.
Vacuoles: Storage organelles; central vacuole in plant cells holds water and other substances for structure.

Cellular Processes

Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven by concentration differences.
Diffusion: Particles move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, facilitating passive transport.
Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes, crucial for organismal health.

Tissue and Organ Levels

Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing specific functions.
Organs: Structures composed of several types of tissues working together for related functions.
Organ Systems: Groups of organs collaborating to perform broader biological functions.

Microscopic Discoveries

The first microscope was utilized to observe living organisms in the mid-1600s, leading to groundbreaking discoveries in biology.

Additional Concepts

Selectively Permeable Membrane: A property allowing certain substances to pass while restricting others, critical for cellular function.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments giving support, shape, and movement capabilities to a cell; consists of microfilaments and microtubules.
Microtubules: Hollow structures involved in cellular movement and division, including components of cilia and flagella, centrioles, and spindle fibers.

This comprehensive overview covers essential concepts and functions regarding cell structure and dynamics, giving a solid foundation for further study in biology.

Description

Test your knowledge of key terms and concepts in Biology Chapter 7, which focuses on Cell Structure and Function. This quiz includes important definitions such as cell theory, cell membrane, and the basic unit of life – the cell. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular biology.