Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Define autotrophs?

Autotrophs sustain themselves and make their own food through photosynthesis, converting CO₂ and H₂O to sugar.

Define producers?

Producers are organisms that make organic food molecules from CO₂, H₂O, and other inorganic raw materials.

Define photoautotrophs?

Photoautotrophs use the energy of light to produce organic molecules.

Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their location in a leaf.

Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two membranes, enclosing an inner compartment filled with stroma that contains thylakoids. They are located in the palisade layer of a leaf. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how plants produce oxygen.

Plants produce oxygen by splitting water during photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

In photosynthesis, CO₂ is reduced to sugar as electrons and hydrogen ions from water are added. Water molecules are oxidized when they lose electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the roles of redox reactions in cellular respiration.

Redox reactions in cellular respiration harvest chemical energy from glucose by oxidizing sugar. Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products of the light reactions?

Reactants: H₂O and light; Products: electrons, ATP, and O₂ Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?

Reactants: CO₂, NADPH, and ATP; Products: Sugar, ADP, NADP Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis generate ATP, NADPH, and oxygen in light reactions.

In the light reactions, water is split providing O₂ and electrons for the photosystem. Excited electrons travel down the chain, releasing energy that aids ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. The electrons reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the properties and functions of different photosynthetic pigments.

Photosynthetic pigments are embedded in thylakoid membranes and absorb specific wavelengths of light, helping chloroplasts capture solar energy. Signup and view all the answers

Define chlorophyll A.

Chlorophyll A absorbs blue-violet and red light, reflecting mainly green light. Signup and view all the answers

Define chlorophyll B.

Chlorophyll B absorbs blue and orange light, reflecting olive green. Signup and view all the answers

Define carotenoids.

Carotenoids provide photoprotection by absorbing and dissipating excessive light energy. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how photosystems capture solar energy.

Photosystems capture solar energy by passing light energy from molecule to molecule until it reaches the reaction center, where a primary electron acceptor accepts and reduces the electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Photophosphorylation derives initial energy from light; oxidative phosphorylation uses energy from redox reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?

Reactants: ATP, NADPH, CO₂; Products: NADP⁺, ADP, sugars Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the Calvin cycle is dependent upon the light reactions.

The Calvin cycle depends on light reactions because it requires ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Compare the mechanisms that C3, C4, and CAM plants use to obtain and use carbon dioxide.

C3: Initial fixation of carbon occurs when rubisco adds CO₂ to RuBP. C4: CO₂ is first fixed into a four-carbon compound. CAM: CO₂ is admitted at night and stored. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the greenhouse effect.

Light passes through the atmosphere and hits the Earth, where it is absorbed and changed into heat; some heat is trapped by greenhouse gases, warming the Earth. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the ozone layer forms and how human activities have damaged it.

O₃ forms the ozone layer, but industrial chemicals like CFCs have caused thinning. Damage to the ozone allows more UV radiation, increasing skin cancer risks. Signup and view all the answers

In __________ plants, the first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA formed in the Calvin cycle.

C3 Signup and view all the answers

When such plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to conserve water, _______ builds up in the leaf and is added to RuBP in place of CO₂.

O₂ Signup and view all the answers

ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria involves the process called?

Chemiosmosis. Signup and view all the answers

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) _______________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane.

Electron transport chain. Signup and view all the answers

In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.

Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is an process in which carbon is , whereas cellular respiration is an process in which carbon is .

endergonic, reduced, exergonic, oxidized Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both involve _____?

Oxygen-reduction (redox) reactions. Signup and view all the answers

A red chemical dye known as phenol red changes to yellow when CO₂ is present. A small green plant seedling is placed in phenol red and then placed in the dark. What is most likely to occur?

The solution will turn yellow because respiration is occurring. Signup and view all the answers

Which gas contributes to both global warming and the deterioration of the ozone layer?

CFCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light Energy >>> Glucose + 6 O₂. Signup and view all the answers

The light reactions take place in the _ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _.

Thylakoids; Stroma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autotrophs and Producers

Autotrophs can sustain themselves by producing their own food via photosynthesis.
Producers convert CO₂ and H₂O along with inorganic materials into organic food molecules.

Photosynthetic Processes

Photoautotrophs harness the energy from light to create organic molecules.
Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis located in the palisade layer of leaves, consisting of a double membrane enclosing stroma and thylakoids.

Oxygen Production and Chemical Reactions

Plants produce oxygen by splitting water molecules.
Redox reactions play a crucial role; CO₂ is reduced to sugar while water is oxidized, releasing electrons.

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

Light reactions have reactants: H₂O and light, producing NADPH, ATP, and O₂.
The Calvin Cycle utilizes CO₂, NADPH, and ATP to produce sugar, ADP, and NADP⁺.

Electron Transport and ATP Generation

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis generate ATP and NADPH via water splitting and electron excitation.
Excited electrons release energy as they move through the electron transport chain, synthesizing ATP in the process.

Photosynthetic Pigments

Various pigments found within thylakoid membranes absorb specific light wavelengths, with chlorophyll A absorbing blue-violet and red light while reflecting green.

Photosystems and Energy Capture

Photosystems capture solar energy, transferring it until reaching the reaction center, where a primary electron acceptor reduces the electrons.

Phosphorylation Processes

Photophosphorylation occurs when initial energy comes from light, whereas oxidative phosphorylation derives energy from redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

C3, C4, and CAM Plants

C3 photosynthesis involves rubisco adding CO₂ to RuBP, C4 fixes CO₂ into a four-carbon compound to handle dry weather, and CAM plants capture CO₂ at night.

Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Layer

The greenhouse effect involves sunlight being absorbed and re-radiated as heat; greenhouse gases trap some of this heat, warming the Earth.
Ozone (O₃) forms naturally but is depleted by CFCs from industrial activities, leading to increased UV radiation risk.

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Contrast

Photosynthesis is an endergonic process (carbon reduced); cellular respiration is exergonic (carbon oxidized).
Both processes involve redox reactions, sharing similarities in the electron transport chain mechanisms.

Other Key Concepts

Chemiosmosis is pivotal for ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration.
The photosynthetic equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light Energy → Glucose + 6 O₂ outlines the transformation of matter during photosynthesis.

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Test your knowledge of autotrophs and producers with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 7. This quiz covers key definitions and concepts, including the structure of chloroplasts and the process of photosynthesis. Perfect for mastering important vocabulary in biology.

Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Define autotrophs?

Define producers?

Define photoautotrophs?

Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their location in a leaf.

Explain how plants produce oxygen.

Describe the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Describe the roles of redox reactions in cellular respiration.

What are the reactants and products of the light reactions?

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?

Explain how the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis generate ATP, NADPH, and oxygen in light reactions.

Describe the properties and functions of different photosynthetic pigments.

Define chlorophyll A.

Define chlorophyll B.

Define carotenoids.

Explain how photosystems capture solar energy.

What is the difference between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?

Explain why the Calvin cycle is dependent upon the light reactions.

Compare the mechanisms that C3, C4, and CAM plants use to obtain and use carbon dioxide.

Describe the greenhouse effect.

Explain how the ozone layer forms and how human activities have damaged it.

In __________ plants, the first product of carbon fixation is the three-carbon compound 3-PGA formed in the Calvin cycle.

When such plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to conserve water, _______ builds up in the leaf and is added to RuBP in place of CO₂.

ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria involves the process called?

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) _______________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane.

In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.

Photosynthesis is an __________ process in which carbon is __________, whereas cellular respiration is an __________ process in which carbon is __________.

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both involve _____?

A red chemical dye known as phenol red changes to yellow when CO₂ is present. A small green plant seedling is placed in phenol red and then placed in the dark. What is most likely to occur?

Which gas contributes to both global warming and the deterioration of the ozone layer?

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.

Study Notes

Autotrophs and Producers

Photosynthetic Processes

Oxygen Production and Chemical Reactions

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

Electron Transport and ATP Generation

Photosynthetic Pigments

Photosystems and Energy Capture

Phosphorylation Processes

C3, C4, and CAM Plants

Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Layer

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Contrast

Other Key Concepts

Studying That Suits You

Description

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