Biology Chapter 6: Integumentary System

Questions and Answers

Describe the functions of the skin.

Sense organ, barrier to water and UV radiation, begins process of vitamin D synthesis.

The hairs of the _____ enhance facial expression and keep sweat out of the eyes.

eyebrows

Describe a first degree burn.

Produces redness, warmth and mild pain (only epidermis is involved).

Which degree of burns typically has blisters?

second degree Signup and view all the answers

Which body parts would be covered with thick skin?

soles, palms and fingertips Signup and view all the answers

Which cells produce the brown to black pigment found in skin?

melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

Apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body?

groin and anal region, axillary region, beard area (males only) Signup and view all the answers

Sweat glands that have a relatively narrow lumen and a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface are called ____ sweat glands.

sudoriferous Signup and view all the answers

What compound is the primary determinant of skin color?

melanin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat glands are the most abundant in the body, numbering 3 to 4 million in adult skin?

merocrine Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the markings on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch?

friction ridges Signup and view all the answers

Identify the components of the integumentary system.

cutaneous glands, epidermis, dermis, hair Signup and view all the answers

Place the three kinds of hair in order from the thinnest hair to the thickest type of hair.

lanugo, vellus, terminal hair Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant cell in the epidermis?

keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which hairs function as a shield to protect the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink?

eyelashes Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum granulosum?

keratinocytes die Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum basale?

cell division (mitosis) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum corneum?

dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum spinosum?

mitosis stops, keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them Signup and view all the answers

What are dermal papillae?

upward, finger-like extensions of dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ceruminous gland?

keep the eardrum protected and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal Signup and view all the answers

Which two distinct layers make up the skin?

epidermis and dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the hair that projects from the surface?

hair shaft Signup and view all the answers

Multiplying of keratinocytes can result in the formation of...

calluses or corns Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the dermis?

glands, nerve endings, fibers and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is cyanosis?

when tissue does not receive enough oxygen (resulting in bluish lips and nail beds) Signup and view all the answers

Within the hair follicle, which root sheath is an extension of the epidermis and lies adjacent to the hair root?

epithelial root sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is lunule?

the region that lies over the thick nail matrix appears as a white crescent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair includes scalp hair?

terminal hair Signup and view all the answers

Put the layers of a hair in order from outermost layer to innermost layer.

cuticle, cortex and medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer immediately beneath the skin called?

hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layers contain dendritic cells?

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum Signup and view all the answers

The stratum basale contains...

macrophages to protect the body, melanin, actively dividing cells Signup and view all the answers

Which skin cancer is least deadly because it seldom metastasizes?

basal cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is also known as a bruise, is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin?

hematoma Signup and view all the answers

Cutaneous nerve endings monitor the ____ of the body surface.

temperature Signup and view all the answers

What are elevated patches of skin that are harmless and sometimes regarded as beauty marks?

nevi (moles) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Skin

Acts as a sense organ and provides a barrier against water and UV radiation.
Initiates the process of vitamin D synthesis.

Eyebrows

Enhance facial expression and keep sweat out of the eyes.

Burns

First Degree Burn: Causes redness, warmth, and mild pain; only affects the epidermis.
Second Degree Burn: Characterized by the presence of blisters.

Skin Composition

Thick Skin Locations: Found on the soles, palms, and fingertips.
Skin Color Determinant: Melanin is the primary pigment affecting skin color.
Skin Cells: Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the epidermis.

Hair

Types of Hair: Lanugo (thinnest), Vellus, and Terminal hair (thickest).
Eyelashes protect the eyes from debris and are involved in quick blinking.

Glands

Apocrine glands are concentrated in the groin, anal, axillary regions, and beard area in males.
Merocrine glands are the most abundant with a count of 3 to 4 million in adult skin.
Ceruminous glands protect the eardrum and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal.

Skin Structure

Consists of two main layers: epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures such as hair and cutaneous glands.

Skin Layers and Their Functions

Stratum Basale: Site of cell division (mitosis).
Stratum Spinosum: Mitosis stops; keratinocytes move upward.
Stratum Granulosum: Keratinocytes die, contributing to the formation of the outer layers.
Stratum Corneum: Composed of dead keratinocytes that exfoliate.
Dermal Papillae: Finger-like extensions of the dermis enhancing the connection with the epidermis.

Additional Skin Features

Cyanosis: Indicates inadequate oxygen supply, appearing as bluish lips and nail beds.
Lunule: White crescent shape overlying the thick nail matrix.
Dermis Contains: Glands, nerve endings, fibers, and blood vessels.
Hypodermis: Also known as the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin.

Skin Conditions and Marks

Calluses or Corns: Result from multiplication of keratinocytes.
Beauty Marks: Harmless elevated patches of skin.
Hematoma: A localized mass of clotted blood showing through the skin.

Skin Cancer

Basal cell carcinoma is the least deadly form of skin cancer as it rarely metastasizes.

Sensory Functions

Cutaneous nerve endings are instrumental in monitoring the temperature of the body surface.

These notes encapsulate key concepts and facts related to the integumentary system for effective studying.

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Test your knowledge on the integumentary system with these flashcards. This quiz covers functions of the skin, the role of hair in facial expression, and the characteristics of first-degree burns. Perfect for biology students focusing on human anatomy.