Biology Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
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Questions and Answers

What technique uses light to permit magnification and viewing of cellular structures?

  • Light microscopy (correct)
  • Scanning electron microscopy
  • Cell fractionation
  • Transmission electron microscopy

What is scanning electron microscopy?

A process that utilizes an electron beam to produce an image of the three-dimensional surface of biological samples.

What is transmission electron microscopy?

A technique where electrons penetrate an ultrathin section of tissue to strike a photographic plate.

What is cell fractionation?

<p>A technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

<p>The aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleoid?

<p>A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus that condense to form chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus?

<p>The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus?

<p>The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized, and partially assembled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear envelope?

<p>A double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes?

<p>Organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear lamina?

<p>A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>An internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rough ER?

<p>That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the smooth ER do?

<p>Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, stores calcium, detoxifies drugs and poisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are glycoproteins?

<p>Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vesicles?

<p>Small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the golgi apparatus?

<p>A stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lysosome?

<p>An organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

<p>A process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a food vacuole?

<p>A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central vacuole?

<p>A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria?

<p>The powerhouse of the cell, organelles that are the site of ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chloroplasts?

<p>Structures in the cells of plants that capture energy from sunlight to produce food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosymbiont theory?

<p>The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cristae?

<p>Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are thylakoids?

<p>Flattened membrane sacs inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are grana?

<p>Stacked portions of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stroma?

<p>The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plastids?

<p>Organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peroxisomes?

<p>Organelles that contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

<p>A microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are motor proteins?

<p>Proteins that interact with cytoskeletal elements and produce movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

<p>Hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microfilaments?

<p>Thinner, solid rods of protein that enable cell movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate filaments?

<p>Filaments that range from 7-11nm in diameter and help maintain cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is keratin?

<p>A hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is actin?

<p>A globular protein that links into chains to form microfilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tubulin?

<p>A globular protein subunit forming the hollow cylinder of microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centrosome?

<p>A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells important during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are centrioles?

<p>Tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a basal body?

<p>A structure resembling a centriole that produces a cilium or flagellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dynein?

<p>A contractile protein connecting microtubules in cilia and flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myosin?

<p>A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudopodia?

<p>Cellular extensions of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

<p>A circular flow of cytoplasm that speeds the distribution of materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell wall?

<p>A strong supporting layer of cellulose or chitin around the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the middle lamina?

<p>A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material found between adjacent plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cell wall?

<p>A relatively thin and flexible cell wall that is first secreted by a plant cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary cell wall?

<p>Added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall for protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the extracellular matrix?

<p>The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteoglycans?

<p>Glycoproteins consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fibronectin?

<p>A glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are integrins?

<p>Transmembrane receptor proteins that interconnect the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plasmodesmata?

<p>Open channels in the cell wall of plants for cytosol connection between adjacent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gap junctions?

<p>Cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tight junctions?

<p>Membranes of neighboring cells pressed together to prevent leakage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are desmosomes?

<p>Specialized junctions that hold adjacent cells together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are synthesized by free ribosomes?

<p>Proteins that function in the cytosol or in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?

<p>Proteins that function within the endomembrane system or are destined for secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bound ribosome protein synthesis work?

<p>The first amino acids act as a signal sequence, binding the ribosome to the ER membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?

<p>Insulin (A), ER protein (D), Lysosomal enzyme (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure manufactures cellular membranes by adding proteins and phospholipids?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the smooth ER do?

<p>Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, storage of calcium, detoxifies drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

<p>Basal bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do peroxisomes produce as a by-product?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crenation?

<p>When the cell shrinks when placed in a hypertonic solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolysis?

<p>When the cell bursts when placed in a hypotonic solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a central vacuole do?

<p>Stores compounds produced by the cell and creates internal pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition would you expect to find a cell with predominance of free ribosomes?

<p>A cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?

<p>Cilia and flagella only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be deduced about celery stalk cells immersed in fresh water?

<p>Cells are hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires?

<p>An energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side of the ER membrane will the ATP binding site of the sodium-potassium pump be on?

<p>It will be on the cytoplasmic side of the ER.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Light and Electron Microscopy

  • Light Microscopy: Uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 1000 times their natural size.
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy: Utilizes an electron beam for three-dimensional imaging of a sample's surface; samples are coated with heavy metals like gold.
  • Transmission Electron Microscopy: Involves electrons penetrating ultra-thin tissue sections to create images on photographic plates.

Cellular Structure and Functions

  • Cell Fractionation: Technique for breaking cells apart and separating their components.
  • Cytosol: Aqueous component of cytoplasm where organelles are suspended.
  • Nucleoid: Dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cells.
  • Chromatin: DNA strands in eukaryotic nuclei, condense to form chromosomes.
  • Nucleus: Organelle containing DNA, which controls cell processes.
  • Nucleolus: Site within the nucleus for ribosome production.
  • Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores regulating material flow in and out of the nucleus.
  • Ribosomes: Composed of protein and RNA, essential for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Internal membrane system for constructing cell membrane components and proteins.
  • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids for the cell membrane.
  • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER.

Cellular Organelles

  • Lysosome: Contains enzymes for breaking down cellular materials.
  • Vesicles: Small membrane sacs for transporting products within a cell.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse organelle for ATP production.
  • Chloroplast: Captures sunlight to produce food in plant cells through photosynthesis.
  • Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes to detoxify harmful compounds.

Cytoskeleton and Movement

  • Cytoskeleton: Network of actin filaments and microtubules providing cell shape and support.
  • Microtubules: Hollow protein tubes aiding in structural support and organelle movement.
  • Microfilaments: Solid protein rods enabling cell movement and shape changes.
  • Intermediate Filaments: Support cell structure and position organelles.
  • Motor Proteins: Facilitate movement along cytoskeletal elements.

Cell Walls and Extracellular Matrix

  • Cell Wall: Strong, supportive layer made of cellulose in plants; provides structure.
  • Middle Lamina: Adhesive layer between plant cell walls.
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Substance surrounding animal cells composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
  • Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins in the ECM that consist of core proteins with carbohydrate chains.

Intercellular Connections

  • Plasmodesmata: Channels in plant cell walls allowing cytosol connection between cells.
  • Gap Junctions: Cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.
  • Tight Junctions: Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid between neighboring cells.
  • Desmosomes: Specialized junctions holding adjacent cells together.

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

  • Free Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol or nucleus.
  • Bound Ribosomes: Produce proteins for the endomembrane system or secretion.
  • Signal Sequence: First amino acids of a protein indicating it should enter the ER for further processing.

Cell Transport and Solutions

  • Crenation: Shrinking of a cell in a hypertonic solution.
  • Hemolysis: Bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution.
  • Central Vacuole: Stores compounds, maintains turgor pressure, and regulates cytoplasm composition in plant cells.

Membrane and Transport Proteins

  • Sodium-Potassium Pump: Requires ATP from the cytoplasm to transport ions across the plasma membrane.
  • Centrosomes: Microtubule-organizing centers essential for cell division.

Miscellaneous

  • Endosymbiont Theory: Suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells.
  • Cilia and Flagella Structure: Both possess a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules for movement.
  • Cytoplasmic Streaming: Circular flow of cytoplasm enhancing material distribution within cells.

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Explore key concepts from Chapter 6 on cellular structures through these flashcards. Each card presents important terms and definitions, enhancing your understanding of microscopy techniques essential for studying cells.

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