Questions and Answers
What technique uses light to permit magnification and viewing of cellular structures?
What is scanning electron microscopy?
A process that utilizes an electron beam to produce an image of the three-dimensional surface of biological samples.
What is transmission electron microscopy?
A technique where electrons penetrate an ultrathin section of tissue to strike a photographic plate.
What is cell fractionation?
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What is cytosol?
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What is a nucleoid?
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What is chromatin?
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What is the nucleus?
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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What are ribosomes?
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What is the nuclear lamina?
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is rough ER?
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What does the smooth ER do?
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What are glycoproteins?
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What are vesicles?
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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What is a lysosome?
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What is phagocytosis?
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What is a food vacuole?
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What is a central vacuole?
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What are mitochondria?
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What are chloroplasts?
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What is the endosymbiont theory?
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What is the mitochondrial matrix?
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What are cristae?
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What are thylakoids?
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What are grana?
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What is stroma?
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What are plastids?
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What are peroxisomes?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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What are motor proteins?
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What are microtubules?
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What are microfilaments?
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What are intermediate filaments?
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What is keratin?
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What is actin?
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What is tubulin?
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What is a centrosome?
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What are centrioles?
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What are cilia?
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What are flagella?
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What is a basal body?
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What is dynein?
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What is myosin?
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What are pseudopodia?
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What is cytoplasmic streaming?
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What is a cell wall?
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What is the middle lamina?
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What is a primary cell wall?
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What is a secondary cell wall?
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What is the extracellular matrix?
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What are proteoglycans?
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What is fibronectin?
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What are integrins?
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What are plasmodesmata?
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What are gap junctions?
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What are tight junctions?
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What are desmosomes?
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Which proteins are synthesized by free ribosomes?
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Which proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?
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How does bound ribosome protein synthesis work?
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Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?
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Which structure manufactures cellular membranes by adding proteins and phospholipids?
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What does the smooth ER do?
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_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
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What do peroxisomes produce as a by-product?
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What is crenation?
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What is hemolysis?
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What does a central vacuole do?
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Under which condition would you expect to find a cell with predominance of free ribosomes?
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Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
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What can be deduced about celery stalk cells immersed in fresh water?
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The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires?
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What side of the ER membrane will the ATP binding site of the sodium-potassium pump be on?
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Study Notes
Light and Electron Microscopy
- Light Microscopy: Uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 1000 times their natural size.
- Scanning Electron Microscopy: Utilizes an electron beam for three-dimensional imaging of a sample's surface; samples are coated with heavy metals like gold.
- Transmission Electron Microscopy: Involves electrons penetrating ultra-thin tissue sections to create images on photographic plates.
Cellular Structure and Functions
- Cell Fractionation: Technique for breaking cells apart and separating their components.
- Cytosol: Aqueous component of cytoplasm where organelles are suspended.
- Nucleoid: Dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cells.
- Chromatin: DNA strands in eukaryotic nuclei, condense to form chromosomes.
- Nucleus: Organelle containing DNA, which controls cell processes.
- Nucleolus: Site within the nucleus for ribosome production.
- Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores regulating material flow in and out of the nucleus.
- Ribosomes: Composed of protein and RNA, essential for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Internal membrane system for constructing cell membrane components and proteins.
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids for the cell membrane.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER.
Cellular Organelles
- Lysosome: Contains enzymes for breaking down cellular materials.
- Vesicles: Small membrane sacs for transporting products within a cell.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse organelle for ATP production.
- Chloroplast: Captures sunlight to produce food in plant cells through photosynthesis.
- Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes to detoxify harmful compounds.
Cytoskeleton and Movement
- Cytoskeleton: Network of actin filaments and microtubules providing cell shape and support.
- Microtubules: Hollow protein tubes aiding in structural support and organelle movement.
- Microfilaments: Solid protein rods enabling cell movement and shape changes.
- Intermediate Filaments: Support cell structure and position organelles.
- Motor Proteins: Facilitate movement along cytoskeletal elements.
Cell Walls and Extracellular Matrix
- Cell Wall: Strong, supportive layer made of cellulose in plants; provides structure.
- Middle Lamina: Adhesive layer between plant cell walls.
- Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Substance surrounding animal cells composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
- Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins in the ECM that consist of core proteins with carbohydrate chains.
Intercellular Connections
- Plasmodesmata: Channels in plant cell walls allowing cytosol connection between cells.
- Gap Junctions: Cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.
- Tight Junctions: Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid between neighboring cells.
- Desmosomes: Specialized junctions holding adjacent cells together.
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Free Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol or nucleus.
- Bound Ribosomes: Produce proteins for the endomembrane system or secretion.
- Signal Sequence: First amino acids of a protein indicating it should enter the ER for further processing.
Cell Transport and Solutions
- Crenation: Shrinking of a cell in a hypertonic solution.
- Hemolysis: Bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution.
- Central Vacuole: Stores compounds, maintains turgor pressure, and regulates cytoplasm composition in plant cells.
Membrane and Transport Proteins
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: Requires ATP from the cytoplasm to transport ions across the plasma membrane.
- Centrosomes: Microtubule-organizing centers essential for cell division.
Miscellaneous
- Endosymbiont Theory: Suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells.
- Cilia and Flagella Structure: Both possess a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules for movement.
- Cytoplasmic Streaming: Circular flow of cytoplasm enhancing material distribution within cells.
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Explore key concepts from Chapter 6 on cellular structures through these flashcards. Each card presents important terms and definitions, enhancing your understanding of microscopy techniques essential for studying cells.