Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

Lesson 1: Adaptation and Variation

• Adaptation: A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that allows a creature to survive and reproduce more effectively.
• Structural Adaptation: An external change that physically changes the creature visibly, for example mimicry.
• Physiological Adaptation: A change or optimization of an internal body function or process, such as hibernation.
• Behavioral Adaptation: A change in a creature's behavior, such as hunting patterns.
• Variation: A small change from a mutation in a species that eventually accumulates to become an adaptation.

General Info:

• Goal of Adaptations: Adaptations occur when an environmental factor threatens a population. Some individuals possess traits enabling greater survival and reproduction compared to others.
• Adaptations Expanded: Not all variations become adaptations; only those providing a selective advantage (greater chance of survival) tend to become adaptations. Human impact can alter which adaptations are beneficial.

Lesson 2: Natural and Artificial Selection

• Natural Selection: A process where characteristics of an organism change over many generations due to some individuals being better suited to their environment. Diversity is key for this process.
• Environmental Factors: A factor that limits a species' population by favoring certain traits. These can be biotic or abiotic.
• Selective Pressure: Pressure applied by an environmental factor to favor specific traits in a population over others.
• Biotic: A living environmental factor
• Abiotic: A non-living environmental factor
• Fitness: Ability of an organism to reproduce and pass alleles to the next generation.
• Artificial Selection: Similar to natural selection, but selective pressure comes from human factors.

Lesson 3: Theories of Evolution Timeline

• Creationism Theory (1000 BCE): Belief that everything was created by a divine force and hasn't changed since.
• Carl Linneo (1750s): Classified plants and animals, providing a basis for evolutionary theories.
• Georges Cuvier (1769–1831): Founded paleontology, recognized fossil changes over time, and proposed catastrophism (species extinction due to catastrophic events).
• Charles Lyell (1797–1875): Studied geography and proposed uniformitarianism (changes occur gradually).
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1800s): Proposed that species change over time due to acquired traits through use/disuse and inheritance.
• Charles Darwin (1809–1882): Developed the theory of natural selection based on survival of the fittest. Viewed life as descending from some common ancestor.
• Neo-Darwinism (1920–1950): Integration of Darwin's and Mendel's theories.

Lesson 4: Evidence of Evolution

• Fossil Record: Documented changes in organisms over time using fossils.
• Embryology: Study of embryos to find commonalities indicating ancestry/shared ancestry.
• Comparative Anatomy: Comparing structures across species to identify shared ancestry and determine any evolution relationship.
• Homologous Structures: Similar structures that come from a common ancestor, even if function differs (e.g. forearm of many mammals).
• Analogous Structures: Similar functions but not from a common ancestor (e.g. bird wings and insect wings).
• Vestigial Structures: Structures that once had a purpose but are no longer useful (e.g. human appendix).
• Molecular Biology: Studying macromolecules (DNA, proteins) to find similarities and differences, indicating evolutionary relationships.

Lesson 5: Mechanisms of Evolution

• Gene Flow: Variation in allele frequencies due to interbreeding between populations, creating allele diversity to gene pools.
• Non-Random Mating: Specific mating patterns leading to more homozygous(same allele) individuals in a population.

Lesson 6: Speciation

• Species: A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
• Speciation: The process of one species separating into two (or more) new, reproductively isolated species due to environmental pressures or other factors.
• Macroevolution: Significant evolutionary changes leading to the formation of new species/groups.
• Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms: Isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote (fertilized egg) between different species. Examples include habitat, temporal, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
• Behavioral Isolating Mechanisms: Species that live in the same area but in different habitats
• Temporal Isolating Mechanisms: Species that mate at different times, preventing interbreeding.
• Mechanical Isolating Mechanisms: Species that cannot mate due to physical differences in reproductive structures.
• Gametic Isolating Mechanisms: Species whose gametes cannot fuse (mate).
• Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms: Isolating mechanisms occurring after the formation of a zygote. Examples include hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.

Lesson 7: Protists

• Protozoan: Animal-like protist
• Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms
• Cercozoa (Ex. Amoeba): No cell walls, move and feed via pseudopods
• Ciliophora (Ex. Paramecium): Move and feed via cilia
• Zoomastigina: Move and feed via flagella.
• Fungus-like Protists: Obtain nutrients by absorbing them, such as plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Lesson 8: Algae

• Algae: A protist, not a plant. It's a Photosynthetic organism.
• Phaeophyta (Brown Algae): A type of algae present in marine environments.
• Rhodophyta (Red Algae): A type of algae that lives in deeper marine environments known for chlorophyll and phycoerythrin.
• Chlorophyta (Green Algae): A type of algae believed to be an ancestor to land-based plants due to similar structural properties to plants.

Lesson 9: Plants

• Non-vascular Plants (Bryophytes): Plants that depend on diffusion (water and nutrient transport) and osmosis for survival, due to the lack of vascular tissue. Examples include mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
• Seedless Vascular Plants: Plants with vascular tissue allowing for movement of fluids. Examples include ferns, horsetails.

Lesson 10: Fungi

• Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic compounds from their environment.
• Important Structures: Mycelium, Hyphae, and Fruiting Body.
• Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual Methods
• Nutrient Acquisition: Parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, and saprobial.

Lesson 11: Animals

• Tetrapod: Four-limbed animals (vertebrates).
• Animal Kingdom: Contains 35 different Phyla with organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs and capable of reproduction.
• Classifying Animals: Animals are categorized by traits like body symmetry (radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical), presence or absence of a coelom (body cavity), segmentation, and their mode of movement.

Lesson 12: Circulatory System

• Circulatory System: A specialized system in multicellular organisms to deliver nutrients, oxygen, and other vital materials to all cells and remove waste.
• Parts of the System: Contains the heart(muscular organ), blood vessels(tubes carrying blood), and blood(fluid carrying oxygen, nutrients other materials).
• Invertebrates: Have open circulatory systems, where blood flows freely. Vertebrates have closed circulatory systems, where blood travels in vessels.

Lesson 13: Blood Vessels and Heart Anatomy

• Blood Vessels: Tubes that transport blood throughout the body (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
• Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins: Carry blood toward the heart.
• Capillaries: Tiny vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

Lesson 14: Transportation of Water

• Transpiration: Water evaporates out of leaves (stomata to atmosphere).
• Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
• Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other surfaces.
• Capillary Action: Enables water transport through narrow tubes against gravity.
• Roots: Absorb water from the soil.
• Vascular Tissue (Xylem):: Transports water throughout the plant.
• Vascular Tissue (Phloem):: Transports food(nutrients) throughout the plant.

Lesson 15: Ecological Succession

• Primary Succession: The process of life colonizing an area for the first time (new land created).
• Pioneer Species: The primary species that occupy and colonize an area first.
• Secondary Succession: The process of life colonizing an area that was previously occupied but destroyed by a disaster or disturbance.

Lesson 16: Sustainable Farm

• This lesson is about the concept and specifics of sustainable farming practices. Additional information would be needed to expand on the topic.

Module 5: Xeriscaping

• Xeriscaping: A method of landscape design that prioritizes water conservation by selecting appropriate plants and soil types and using water-efficient irrigation.

Module 6: Permaculture

• Permaculture: A design system aimed at creating sustainable and self-sufficient ecosystems, often emphasizing the use of integrated systems (e.g., food forests).
• Food Forest: A permaculture design focused on creating a natural, integrated system of edible plants in a way that is not artificial.

Modules 7, 7.5 : Plant Structure

• Plant Structure: Basic Parts of Plants.
• Monocots vs Dicots: Variations in stem structures, root types, leaf arrangements, flower parts, and other vascular aspects.

Module 8: Major Parts of a Plant

• Roots: Anchor, absorb water and nutrients.
• Stem: Transport foods from roots to leaves, support the plant, and occasionally store nutrients.
• Leaves: Photosynthesis, gas exchange.
• Vascular Tissues (Xylem & Phloem): Transport water (water absorption, etc) throughout the plant.

Modules 9, 11, 12, 13: Plant Vocabulary and Processes

• Definitions of key plant terms and processes: Palisade layer, epidermis, cuticle, mesophyll, venation, stomata, roots, xylem, Phloem, etc; Methods and processes of plant reproduction.

Module 14: Transportation of Water

• Transpiration: Water loss by plants, creating a suction force to draw water up the plant.
• Cohesion, Adhesion, Cavitation: Water properties that help facilitate this upward transport.
• Root Pressure: Pressure produced in the roots pushing water upward in the plant.

Test your knowledge on various biological concepts such as inheritance patterns, adaptations, and plant physiology through this engaging quiz. Explore topics including dominant traits, pedigree analysis, and the role of phloem in plants. Perfect for students studying biology and environmental science.