Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of inheritance pattern is represented by a red flower and a white flower producing pink offspring?

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Autosomal Recessive

Codominance

Incomplete Dominance (correct)

Which of the following represents the most dominant blood type allele?

Type A (correct)

Type B (correct)

Type O

Type AB

If a trait is linked to the x chromosome, which gender is more likely to express it?

Females

Males (correct)

Neither

Both equally

What is a characteristic of a pedigree indicating that a trait skips generations?

Autosomal Recessive Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptation involves changes in an organism's behavior?

Behavioral Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the most dominant trait in a hierarchy of alleles?

Wild Type Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates physiological adaptation?

A bear hibernating during winter Signup and view all the answers

How do variations accumulate over time to form adaptations in a species?

As a result of favorable traits that enhance survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phloem in a plant?

Transporting food and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which type of root is characterized by having one central, long and thick structure with smaller roots branching off?

Taproots Signup and view all the answers

What is xeriscaping primarily focused on?

Conserving water Signup and view all the answers

Which action can help prevent the decline of pollinator populations?

Planting pollinator-friendly plants Signup and view all the answers

In which plant classification are fibrous roots typically found?

Monocots Signup and view all the answers

What defines permaculture in agriculture?

A self-sustaining ecosystem approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the root cap?

To protect the root Signup and view all the answers

Why should we be concerned about pollination?

Pollinators are influenced by climate change and habitat loss Signup and view all the answers

What process describes one cell engulfing another to create a new cell?

Endosymbiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is believed to have originated from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiosis?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

What similarity supports the endosymbiotic theory regarding mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Their genetic makeup resembling prokaryotic DNA Signup and view all the answers

How do organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes methanogenesis, a process unique to Archaea?

It generates energy and produces methane (CH4). Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to the specialized cells in multicellular organisms?

Differentiated cells Signup and view all the answers

Which shape describes bacteria that are round and can form chains called Streptococcus?

Cocci Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical for heterotrophic protists?

They can photosynthesize. Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does the amoeba belong to?

Cercozoa Signup and view all the answers

Where do most Archaea, classified as extremophiles, typically thrive?

In high salt concentrations, such as the Dead Sea. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'protozoan' refer to?

Animal-like protists Signup and view all the answers

What process do both bacteria and Archaea utilize to replicate?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endospores created by bacteria?

To protect against extreme environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vascular tissue in plants?

To transport nutrients and water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the habitat preferences of Archaea compared to Bacteria?

Archaea are found in extreme conditions, while bacteria live in more moderate environments. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for transporting water in plants?

Xylem Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extremophiles are known to thrive in low pH environments?

Acidophiles Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes woody stems from herbaceous stems?

Woody stems have a third outer layer of bark Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows bacteria to exchange genetic material to survive unfavorable conditions?

Conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of leaves in plants?

To perform photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

The palisade layer in a leaf is primarily responsible for what?

Trapping energy and performing photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What role do gibberellins play in plant development?

They regulate growth and flowering Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the leaf primarily facilitates gas exchange?

Stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of root hairs in plants?

To increase water intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?

To transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the body Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the capillaries?

Blood undergoes gas exchange with surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

In which circuit does blood become oxygenated?

Pulmonary circuit Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is utilized in systemic circulation?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What role do veins play in the circulatory system?

Deliver waste products from cells to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the return of blood from the body to the heart?

Blood retains CO2 and waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the systemic circuit?

It transports oxygen to body tissues and returns CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about blood vessels is correct?

Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lesson 1: Adaptation and Variation

Adaptation: A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that allows a creature to survive and reproduce more effectively.
Structural Adaptation: An external change that physically changes the creature visibly, for example mimicry.
Physiological Adaptation: A change or optimization of an internal body function or process, such as hibernation.
Behavioral Adaptation: A change in a creature's behavior, such as hunting patterns.
Variation: A small change from a mutation in a species that eventually accumulates to become an adaptation.

General Info:

Goal of Adaptations: Adaptations occur when an environmental factor threatens a population. Some individuals possess traits enabling greater survival and reproduction compared to others.
Adaptations Expanded: Not all variations become adaptations; only those providing a selective advantage (greater chance of survival) tend to become adaptations. Human impact can alter which adaptations are beneficial.

Lesson 2: Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural Selection: A process where characteristics of an organism change over many generations due to some individuals being better suited to their environment. Diversity is key for this process.
Environmental Factors: A factor that limits a species' population by favoring certain traits. These can be biotic or abiotic.
Selective Pressure: Pressure applied by an environmental factor to favor specific traits in a population over others.
Biotic: A living environmental factor
Abiotic: A non-living environmental factor
Fitness: Ability of an organism to reproduce and pass alleles to the next generation.
Artificial Selection: Similar to natural selection, but selective pressure comes from human factors.

Lesson 3: Theories of Evolution Timeline

Creationism Theory (1000 BCE): Belief that everything was created by a divine force and hasn't changed since.
Carl Linneo (1750s): Classified plants and animals, providing a basis for evolutionary theories.
Georges Cuvier (1769–1831): Founded paleontology, recognized fossil changes over time, and proposed catastrophism (species extinction due to catastrophic events).
Charles Lyell (1797–1875): Studied geography and proposed uniformitarianism (changes occur gradually).
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1800s): Proposed that species change over time due to acquired traits through use/disuse and inheritance.
Charles Darwin (1809–1882): Developed the theory of natural selection based on survival of the fittest. Viewed life as descending from some common ancestor.
Neo-Darwinism (1920–1950): Integration of Darwin's and Mendel's theories.

Lesson 4: Evidence of Evolution

Fossil Record: Documented changes in organisms over time using fossils.
Embryology: Study of embryos to find commonalities indicating ancestry/shared ancestry.
Comparative Anatomy: Comparing structures across species to identify shared ancestry and determine any evolution relationship.
Homologous Structures: Similar structures that come from a common ancestor, even if function differs (e.g. forearm of many mammals).
Analogous Structures: Similar functions but not from a common ancestor (e.g. bird wings and insect wings).
Vestigial Structures: Structures that once had a purpose but are no longer useful (e.g. human appendix).
Molecular Biology: Studying macromolecules (DNA, proteins) to find similarities and differences, indicating evolutionary relationships.

Lesson 5: Mechanisms of Evolution

Gene Flow: Variation in allele frequencies due to interbreeding between populations, creating allele diversity to gene pools.
Non-Random Mating: Specific mating patterns leading to more homozygous(same allele) individuals in a population.

Lesson 6: Speciation

Species: A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Speciation: The process of one species separating into two (or more) new, reproductively isolated species due to environmental pressures or other factors.
Macroevolution: Significant evolutionary changes leading to the formation of new species/groups.
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms: Isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote (fertilized egg) between different species. Examples include habitat, temporal, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
Behavioral Isolating Mechanisms: Species that live in the same area but in different habitats
Temporal Isolating Mechanisms: Species that mate at different times, preventing interbreeding.
Mechanical Isolating Mechanisms: Species that cannot mate due to physical differences in reproductive structures.
Gametic Isolating Mechanisms: Species whose gametes cannot fuse (mate).
Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms: Isolating mechanisms occurring after the formation of a zygote. Examples include hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.

Lesson 7: Protists

Protozoan: Animal-like protist
Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms
Cercozoa (Ex. Amoeba): No cell walls, move and feed via pseudopods
Ciliophora (Ex. Paramecium): Move and feed via cilia
Zoomastigina: Move and feed via flagella.
Fungus-like Protists: Obtain nutrients by absorbing them, such as plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Lesson 8: Algae

Algae: A protist, not a plant. It's a Photosynthetic organism.
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae): A type of algae present in marine environments.
Rhodophyta (Red Algae): A type of algae that lives in deeper marine environments known for chlorophyll and phycoerythrin.
Chlorophyta (Green Algae): A type of algae believed to be an ancestor to land-based plants due to similar structural properties to plants.

Lesson 9: Plants

Non-vascular Plants (Bryophytes): Plants that depend on diffusion (water and nutrient transport) and osmosis for survival, due to the lack of vascular tissue. Examples include mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
Seedless Vascular Plants: Plants with vascular tissue allowing for movement of fluids. Examples include ferns, horsetails.

Lesson 10: Fungi

Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic compounds from their environment.
Important Structures: Mycelium, Hyphae, and Fruiting Body.
Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual Methods
Nutrient Acquisition: Parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, and saprobial.

Lesson 11: Animals

Tetrapod: Four-limbed animals (vertebrates).
Animal Kingdom: Contains 35 different Phyla with organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs and capable of reproduction.
Classifying Animals: Animals are categorized by traits like body symmetry (radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical), presence or absence of a coelom (body cavity), segmentation, and their mode of movement.

Lesson 12: Circulatory System

Circulatory System: A specialized system in multicellular organisms to deliver nutrients, oxygen, and other vital materials to all cells and remove waste.
Parts of the System: Contains the heart(muscular organ), blood vessels(tubes carrying blood), and blood(fluid carrying oxygen, nutrients other materials).
Invertebrates: Have open circulatory systems, where blood flows freely. Vertebrates have closed circulatory systems, where blood travels in vessels.

Lesson 13: Blood Vessels and Heart Anatomy

Blood Vessels: Tubes that transport blood throughout the body (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins: Carry blood toward the heart.
Capillaries: Tiny vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

Lesson 14: Transportation of Water

Transpiration: Water evaporates out of leaves (stomata to atmosphere).
Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other surfaces.
Capillary Action: Enables water transport through narrow tubes against gravity.
Roots: Absorb water from the soil.
Vascular Tissue (Xylem):: Transports water throughout the plant.
Vascular Tissue (Phloem):: Transports food(nutrients) throughout the plant.

Lesson 15: Ecological Succession

Primary Succession: The process of life colonizing an area for the first time (new land created).
Pioneer Species: The primary species that occupy and colonize an area first.
Secondary Succession: The process of life colonizing an area that was previously occupied but destroyed by a disaster or disturbance.

Lesson 16: Sustainable Farm

This lesson is about the concept and specifics of sustainable farming practices. Additional information would be needed to expand on the topic.

Module 5: Xeriscaping

Xeriscaping: A method of landscape design that prioritizes water conservation by selecting appropriate plants and soil types and using water-efficient irrigation.

Module 6: Permaculture

Permaculture: A design system aimed at creating sustainable and self-sufficient ecosystems, often emphasizing the use of integrated systems (e.g., food forests).
Food Forest: A permaculture design focused on creating a natural, integrated system of edible plants in a way that is not artificial.

Modules 7, 7.5 : Plant Structure

Plant Structure: Basic Parts of Plants.
Monocots vs Dicots: Variations in stem structures, root types, leaf arrangements, flower parts, and other vascular aspects.

Module 8: Major Parts of a Plant

Roots: Anchor, absorb water and nutrients.
Stem: Transport foods from roots to leaves, support the plant, and occasionally store nutrients.
Leaves: Photosynthesis, gas exchange.
Vascular Tissues (Xylem & Phloem): Transport water (water absorption, etc) throughout the plant.

Modules 9, 11, 12, 13: Plant Vocabulary and Processes

Definitions of key plant terms and processes: Palisade layer, epidermis, cuticle, mesophyll, venation, stomata, roots, xylem, Phloem, etc; Methods and processes of plant reproduction.

Module 14: Transportation of Water

Transpiration: Water loss by plants, creating a suction force to draw water up the plant.
Cohesion, Adhesion, Cavitation: Water properties that help facilitate this upward transport.
Root Pressure: Pressure produced in the roots pushing water upward in the plant.

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Test your knowledge on various biological concepts such as inheritance patterns, adaptations, and plant physiology through this engaging quiz. Explore topics including dominant traits, pedigree analysis, and the role of phloem in plants. Perfect for students studying biology and environmental science.