Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

Cells & Systems SLO 1

• This SLO investigates the structure, function, and organization of living things.
• There are seven parts to this SLO.

Table of Contents

• What Makes Something Living?
• Scientific Studies of Living Things
• Organisms as Systems
• Similar Functions, Different Structures
• Class Activity
• Key Takeaways

Intro

• Investigating Living Things: Structure, Function, and Organization

About the Body Organs

• Objective: Understand the key concepts related to the structure, function, and organization of living things.
• Student Focus: Investigate how living things are organized into systems, and how these systems work together to maintain life.

Who Started Studying Bodies?

• Galen (129-216 AD) was one of the first people to document human internal structure.
• He was a doctor to gladiators and studied their injuries.

Why Should I Care About This Unit?

• Biology is the study of living things.
• Possible careers that require a background in biology include genetics, chemistry, archaeology, geology, psychology, physics, and zoology.

What Makes Something Living?

• Living things share common characteristics that distinguish them from non-living things.
• Key characteristics include being made of cells, needing energy, growing and developing, responding to their environment, reproducing, and producing waste.

Key Characteristics - Life Process #1

• All living things are made of at least one cell.
• Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
• Example: Humans are multicellular; bacteria are unicellular.

Key Characteristics - Life Process #2

• Living things need energy to carry out functions like growth, repair, movement, and reproduction.
• Examples include humans who get energy from food, and plants that get energy from the sun and CO2 (photosynthesis).

Key Characteristics - Life Process #3

• Living things grow and develop over time.
• Examples include caterpillars changing into butterflies (metamorphosis) and sunflowers growing from seeds.

Key Characteristics - Life Process #4

• Living things react to stimuli in their environment.
• Examples include plants growing toward sunlight, plant leaves folding due to excessive sunlight, and humans sweating when hot.

Key Characteristics - Life Process #5

• Living things reproduce to continue the species.
• Reproduction can be sexual (offspring) or asexual (duplicate).
• Examples include humans and bacteria.

Key Characteristics - Life Process #6

• Living things produce waste products from their bodies.
• Examples include humans excreting urine, feces, and carbon dioxide; and plants releasing oxygen through stomata.

Scientific Studies of Living Things

• Investigating living things is a branch of biology.
• The key steps include observation, data collection, and analysis.

Key Steps in Investigating Living Things

• Observation: Observing organisms in their natural environment
• Data Collection: Measuring physical traits, behaviors, and other factors
• Analysis: Identifying patterns and trends to understand function, behavior, and structure

Example of a Local Scientific Study

• Scientists studied frog populations in local ponds.
• Findings: Frogs are more abundant in ponds with clean water.

Organisms as Systems

• A system is a group of interconnected parts that work together to achieve a function.
• Organisms are complex systems organized into various levels (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism).

Organisms as Systems - Levels of Organization

• Cells: The smallest unit of life.
• Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific task (like lung tissue).
• Organs: Structures made of different tissues that perform a specific function (like a lung).
• Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform a broader function (like the respiratory system).
• Organism: The entire living thing.

Organisms as Systems: Example

• Example: The human digestive system consists of the stomach, intestines, and liver that work together to digest food.

Comparing Organisms: Structure & Function

• Organisms have similar functions (breathing or food gathering) but may use different structures to perform those functions.
• Example: Humans breathe air with lungs while fish extract oxygen from water using gills.

Organism Comparison Project: Example

• Task: Choose a local organism (plant, insect, or animal).
• Research the organism's characteristics, structure & function, and how it compares to other organisms.
• Provide an example such as an Oak Tree.

Key Takeaways

• Living things share common characteristics (cells, energy, reproduction).
• Systems (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems) work together to maintain life in an organism.
• Organisms perform similar functions using different structures in relation to their environment.

Cells & Systems SLO 2

• Investigate and describe the role of cells within living things.
• There are seven parts to this SLO.

Table of Contents

• The Role of Cells as the Basic Unit of Life
• Parts of the Cell
• Microscopes
• Single-Celled vs. Multicellular Organisms
• Plant vs. Animal Cells
• Diffusion and Osmosis
• How Cells, Tissues, and Organs Work Together

Intro

• In this topic, the role of different cells in multicellular and single-celled organisms will be investigated.

The Role of Cells as the Basic Unit of Life

• A cell is the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out functions necessary for life.
• All living things consist of cells, which are the basis of growth, development, and reproduction.

Parts of the Cell

• Cells are made up of various parts (organelles), each with a specific function.
• Key cell parts include: Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Chloroplasts.

Microscopes

• A microscope is a tool that magnifies small objects or organisms that are invisible to the naked eye.

Historical Development (Microscopes)

• First lenses (1300s)
• Compound microscope (1590's)
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed living microorganisms (1670s)
• Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" (1665).
• Electron microscopes in the 20th century (10 million magnification).

Parts of the Microscope

• Ocular lens (eyepiece)
• Objective lenses (magnification)
• Stage
• Stage clips
• Coarse adjustment knob
• Fine adjustment knob (detail focus)
• Diaphragm (light control)
• Light source
• Base and arm

How to Operate a Microscope

• Start with low-power magnification
• Secure the slide using the stage clips
• Use the coarse adjustment knob
• Look through the eyepiece
• Refine the focus using the fine adjustment knob

Preparing a Wet Mount Slide

• Suspend the specimen in a liquid to prepare a specimen for a microscopic view of living parts.
• Required materials: Microscope slide, cover slip, water (or other liquid), specimen, and pipette/dropper.

Single-Celled vs. Multicellular Organisms

• Single-celled organisms rely on one cell to perform all life functions (bacteria, amoeba, algae).
• Multicellular organisms have specialized cells working together in tissues, organs, and systems to provide different functionalities in organisms (humans, trees, animals).

Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Plant Cells: Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles
• Animal Cells: No cell wall, no chloroplasts, smaller vacuoles

Diffusion and Osmosis

• Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration without energy.
• Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion, involving the movement of water molecules across a membrane from low to high solute concentration (crucial to maintaining cells).

How Cells, Tissues, and Organs Work Together

• Cells form tissues, which in turn form organs, which work together in organ systems to keep the organism alive.

SLO 3

• Exploring the Building Blocks of Life and Human Body Systems
• This SLO explores human body systems.

Table Of Contents

• Intro
• Respiratory System
• Circulatory System
• Digestive & Excretory System
• Sensory System
• Role of Cells in Body Systems
• Internal and External Stimuli

Introduction to Human Body Systems

• The human body is composed of interconnected systems that work together to maintain homeostasis.
• Key Systems include Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Excretory, Sensory.

Key Systems

• Respiratory System: Exchanging gases (oxygen/carbon dioxide) between the body and environment.
• Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
• Digestive System & Excretory System: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste.
• Sensory System: Detecting external and internal stimuli,allowing the body to respond to changes.

SLO 4

• Exploring Scientific Advances in Body Systems and Medical Innovations

Table Of Contents

• Scientific Investigation: Body Systems
• Improvements in Human Health from Research
• Factors Affecting Body System Health
• Investigating Body Systems
• Summary and Reflection Questions

Scientific Investigation: Body Systems

• Scientific research aiming to understand body systems, leading to medical breakthoughs.
• Advances in medicine from research include: Advanced medical technologies, New treatments and cures for diseases, and Preventative healthcare measures.
• Examples of research areas: Cell research, Organ function & dysfunction, and Body systems

Improvements in Human Health from Research

• Advances in medicine: Antibiotics, Insulin, Antiviral drugs, Vaccines
• Advances in Nutrition: Dietary research, Fortified foods, Specialized diets

Factors Affecting Body System Health

• Illness: Asthma, Pneumonia
• Aging: Reduced lung capacity, Higher risk of infections
• Air Quality: Long term exposure to pollutants
• Lifestyle factors: Sedentary habits

Investigating Body Systems

• Medical Imaging: X-rays, MRIs, CT scans.
• Laboratory studies: Cell and tissue experiments
• Clinical trials: Testing new medications
• Epidemiological studies: Identifying trends/causes (e.g. smoking/cancer link)

Summary and Reflection Questions

• Reflect on scientific investigations
• The impact on the body/health
• How can we maintain a healthy system?