Biology Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Casparian strip found in plant roots?

  • To protect the vascular tissue.
  • To increase surface area for water absorption.
  • To filter water and minerals and force them through cell membranes. (correct)
  • To secrete a slimy substance to reduce friction during root growth.

Which of these correctly pairs a digestive enzyme with its primary site of action and optimal pH?

  • Amylase (pancreatic) - mouth, pH 7
  • Amylase (salivary) - small intestine, pH 8
  • Pepsin - stomach, pH 1-2 (correct)
  • Lipase - stomach, pH 1-2

What is the main role of trichomes found on plant dermal tissue?

  • To control the opening and closing of stoma.
  • To increase surface area for water absorption.
  • To strengthen the plant's exterior through support cells.
  • To reduce evaporation and to secrete toxic substances in some plants. (correct)

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for fighting infections?

<p>White blood cells (leukocytes) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bile, produced by the liver, in digestion?

<p>To break down fats into smaller droplets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of plant tissue is responsible for the primary growth, increasing the height of a plant?

<p>Apical meristems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of parenchyma cells in root tips?

<p>They protect growing tissue and reduce friction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct pairing of enzyme and its product of digestion?

<p>Amylase - maltose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is directly involved in the packaging of macromolecules for transport out of the cell?

<p>Golgi Body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of ribosomes on the exterior is a characteristic of which organelle?

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of a centrosome?

<p>Protection of microtubules and involvement in cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus within a cell?

<p>Producing ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of organisms in the Kingdom Animalia?

<p>They are mobile, multicellular and heterotrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

<p>To control what enters and exits the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In binomial nomenclature, what does the first part of an organism’s name represent?

<p>The genus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type contains no nucleus and is found in blood?

<p>Red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists?

<p>They are all heterotrophic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thread-like filaments that make up the structure of fungi?

<p>Hyphae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organism that has two different alleles for a particular trait is best described as what?

<p>Heterozygous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during prophase of mitosis?

<p>The nuclear membrane breaks down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes for sexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of population is genetic drift more likely to cause a significant change in allele frequencies?

<p>Small populations with limited gene flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a situation when both alleles for a trait are expressed in phenotype?

<p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the circulatory system?

<p>Transporting oxygen to cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of an organism's fitness in evolutionary terms?

<p>The number of viable offspring it produces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

<p>Four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net movement of alleles between populations, which can alter allele frequencies?

<p>Gene flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of genetic equilibrium?

<p>A state where the frequencies of alleles remain constant over generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy, from broadest to most specific?

<p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular characteristic is unique to eukaryotic cells?

<p>Membrane-bound organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific type of cellular respiration is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Anaerobic Respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a short branch on a phylogenetic tree indicate about the organisms involved?

<p>A recent common ancestor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for the exchange of nutrients and gases between the circulatory system and body cells?

<p>Capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of valves in veins?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing backward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the venation pattern where veins branch off from a common point?

<p>Palmate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is characterized by flexible, thin walls, and is responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and tissue repair and replacement in plants?

<p>Parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of companion cells in phloem tissue?

<p>Keeping sieve tube elements alive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the widening of blood vessels to release heat and cool the body?

<p>Vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of xylem tissue?

<p>Transports water from the roots to the leaves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the balanced photosynthesis equation, which of the following are the reactants?

<p>$6CO_2$ and $6H_2O$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a plant's growth response to light, causing it to curve?

<p>Phototropism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the leaf arrangement where two leaves are attached to the stem directly opposite each other at the same level?

<p>Opposite growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a nastic response and thigmotropism in plants?

<p>Thigmotropism involves growth towards a stimulus, while nastic response does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the primary function of lateral meristems in plants?

<p>To allow for increases in the diameter of stems and trunks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plant's roots bending downwards towards the pull of gravity is an example of what?

<p>Positive Gravitropism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a population of insects develops pesticide resistance due to repeated exposure, what is this an example of?

<p>Natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

<p>Allopatric speciation involves geographic isolation, while sympatric does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'gene pool' refer to within a population?

<p>The sum total of all genes (and alleles) within a reproducing population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When humans selectively breed plants to produce larger fruits, this is an example of what process?

<p>Artificial selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs due to unequal auxin distribution in a plant?

<p>Thigmotropism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

A type of blood cell responsible for fighting infections by destroying pathogens. They are distinguished by the presence of a nucleus.

Platelets

Cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.

Pepsin

An enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works best in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Lipase

An enzyme produced in the pancreas that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. It operates in the alkaline environment of the small intestine.

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Amylase

An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down starch and glycogen into maltose.

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Bile

A fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats into smaller droplets, making them easier to digest. It is stored in the gallbladder.

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Bicarbonate

A substance produced by the pancreas that helps neutralize stomach acid, creating the optimal pH environment for enzymes to work in the small intestine.

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Meristematic Tissue

The undifferentiated, embryonic tissue responsible for plant growth. It's found in areas of rapid cell division.

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Binomial Nomenclature

The first part of the name is the genus, and the second part is the species. It is italicized when typed and underlined when written.

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Viruses

A virus contains either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid. One way to classify viruses is by the size and shape of their capsid.

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Fungi Structure

Thread-like filaments called hyphae elongate and branch off to form a network called mycelium. The reproductive system is located aboveground in the fruiting body, which produces and disperses spores.

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Bacteria

Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that can be either aerobic or anaerobic. They typically have cell walls and reproduce asexually through binary fission.

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Archaea

Unicellular organisms that typically have cell walls. They are more likely to be found in extreme environments than bacteria.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

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Nucleolus

A dense spherical structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

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Cell Membrane

A layer of fats that separates the internal and external cell environment. It is semi-permeable, allowing some substances in and out depending on the cell's needs.

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Golgi Body

Uses vesicles as packaging at the edge of the Golgi Body. It packages macromolecules for transport around and out of the cell.

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Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP) using oxygen and glucose in the process of aerobic cellular respiration.

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Macroevolution

A change in the allele frequencies within a population over time. Driven by factors like mutations, natural selection, artificial selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

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Allele Frequency

The percentage of a specific allele in a gene pool.

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Genetic Equilibrium

A state of balance where allele frequencies remain stable across generations within a population.

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Fitness

Measured by the number of offspring produced that are viable (capable of reproducing). High fitness means an organism is more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous genes.

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Selective Advantage

A genetic advantage that allows an organism to outcompete others for survival and reproduction in its environment. This results from a beneficial mutation.

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Gene Flow

The movement of alleles from one population to another due to the migration of individuals. This can happen between two interbreeding populations with different allele frequencies.

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Evolution

The process of change in species over time through mechanisms like natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

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Taxonomy Hierarchy

A hierarchical system for classifying living organisms. It consists of eight levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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Protists

A diverse group of mostly single-celled organisms with varying characteristics. They exhibit a range of traits including the ability to photosynthesize, ingest food, or both. They can reproduce asexually or sexually.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where the genetic material condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase

The stage where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

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Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by spindle fibers.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, where the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cell divides into two daughter cells.

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Codominance

A type of inheritance where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a blended or mixed trait.

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Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is essential for sexual reproduction.

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Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart, have thicker muscle walls to pump blood effectively. Most carry oxygenated blood.

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Veins

Carry blood to the heart, have thinner muscle walls and valves to prevent backflow. Most carry deoxygenated blood.

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Capillaries

One cell thick, connect arterioles to venules, exchange nutrients, gases, and waste between the circulatory system and body cells.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, increases blood flow, helps the body cool down.

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Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, reduces blood flow, conserves heat to keep the body warm.

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Venation

The pattern of veins in a leaf.

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Parenchyma

Flexible, thin-walled, spherical cells that store, photosynthesize, and help in gas exchange, protection, and repair.

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Collenchyma

Elongated cells with unevenly thick walls, providing flexible support to surrounding cells.

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Sclerenchyma

Cells with very thick, tough walls, providing strong support to mature plants.

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Xylem

Tissue in plants responsible for transporting water from the roots to the leaves.

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Gravitropism

The tendency of a plant organ to grow towards or away from the force of gravity.

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Thigmotropism

A plant's growth response to touch or mechanical stimuli, like contact with another organism or wind.

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Nastic Response

A plant's reversible response to a stimulus that is not associated with the direction of the stimulus. For example, flowers closing at night and opening during the day.

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Study Notes

Binomial Nomenclature

  • First part of the name is the genus, second part is the species.
  • Names are italicized when typed, underlined when written.

Viruses

  • Contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
  • Classification is based on capsid size and shape.

K. Fungi Structure

  • Composed of threadlike filaments (hyphae).
  • Hyphae branch to form a network called a mycelium.
  • Reproductive structures produce and disperse spores.
  • Located above ground (fruiting body).

K. Bacteria

  • Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
  • Can be aerobic or anaerobic.
  • Typically reproduce asexually (binary fission).
  • Typically have cell walls.

K. Archaea

  • Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
  • Typically have cell walls.
  • Often thrive in extreme environments.

Cell Organelles - Function

  • Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA, surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes.
  • Nuclear Membrane: Surrounds and protects the nucleus, with pores for control of entry/exit.
  • Centrosome: Involved in cell division, protects microtubules.
  • Cell Membrane: Separates internal and external environments; semi-permeable.
  • Golgi Body: Packages macromolecules for transport within or outside the cell.
  • Mitochondria: Generates energy (ATP) using oxygen and glucose (aerobic respiration).
  • Vacuole: Aids in digestion, release of waste, and storage.
  • Cytosol: Site of metabolism and other functions.
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): Ribosomes attached, where proteins are processed.
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): Various functions depending on cell type.
  • Lysosome: Contains enzymes for digestion and recycling.
  • Peroxisome: Various functions, including assisting chloroplasts in photorespiration.
  • Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
  • Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell structure and assists in movement of organelles.
  • Flagella: Appendages for cell movement, aid in cell propulsion.
  • Cilia: Hair-like structures that aid in cell movement and transport.

Kingdom Animalia

  • Radial Symmetry: Animals exhibiting equal halves when cut through the longitudinal axis.
  • Bilateral Symmetry: Animals exhibiting equal halves when cut along one mid-longitudinal axis.

Cell Cycle

  • Includes interphase (G1, S, & G2 phases) and Cell Division (mitosis and cytokinesis).
  • Ensures that daughter cells receive identical chromosome sets.

Phenotype vs Genotype

  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism, like eye color.
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism, combination of alleles.
  • Allele: Alternative form of a gene.
  • Homozygous: Identical alleles for a trait.
  • Heterozygous: Different alleles for a trait.

Blood Components

  • Plasma: Liquid portion of blood.
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen.
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infection.
  • Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.

Digestive Enzymes

  • Pepsin: Stomach enzyme digesting proteins at low pH.
  • Lipase: Pancreas enzyme digesting lipids at high pH (small intestine).
  • Amylase: Saliva and pancreas enzyme digesting carbohydrates.

Plant Structures & Functions

  • Roots: Anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients.
  • Root Tips: Contain meristematic cells and protect growing tissues.
  • Casparian Strip: Barrier in the endodermis, controlling water and mineral uptake.

Plant Tissues

  • Meristematic: Undifferentiated cells for growth.
  • Dermal: Protective outer layer.
  • Epidermis: Protective layer on plant exterior.
  • Guard Cells: Control stomata opening/closing.
  • Trichomes: Tiny hairs reducing evaporation.
  • Ground: Supports photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Plant Hormones

  • Auxins: Stimulate cell division in stems and roots, influenced by light and gravity.
  • Cytokinins: Promote cell division, prevent aging.
  • Ethylene: Promotes fruit ripening, weakens cell walls.
  • Gibberellins: Stimulate shoot elongation.
  • Abscisic Acid: Inhibits growth, closes stomata.

Plant Cells

  • Parenchyma: Versatile cells for storage, photosynthesis, and repair.
  • Collenchyma: Supportive cells.
  • Sclerenchyma: Strong supportive cells, often rigid.
  • Xylem: Transports water from roots to leaves.
  • Phloem: Transports nutrients in plants.

Specialized Plant Cells

  • Tropisms: Plant responses to stimuli like light, water, or gravity.
    • Phototropism: Response to light.
    • Gravitropism: Response to gravity

Protista

  • Diverse, unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
  • Can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic
  • Common characteristics and functions of organisms in the kingdom

Mitosis

  • Cell division process resulting in two identical diploid daughter cells.
    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers form.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis begins

Meiosis

  • Cell division process resulting in four non-identical haploid daughter cells. -Purpose: Produce gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction. -Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs. -Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate. -Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. -Telophase I: Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, and the cell divides. -Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. -Prophase II: Chromosomes condense. -Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. -Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate. -Telophase II: Four haploid daughter cells are produced.

Circulatory System

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.
  • Capillaries: Tiny vessels where material exchange occurs.
    • Vasodilation: Widening blood vessels, cooling
    • Vasoconstriction: Narrowing blood vessels, insulation
  • The circulatory system functions in transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Leaf Structures & Functions

  • Blade: Broad portion of the leaf.
  • Veins: Vascular bundles carrying water and nutrients.
  • Venation: Arrangement of veins.

Unit 5: Variation, Selection, and Speciation

  • Variation: Differences among individuals in a population.
  • Selective Pressure: Environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction.
  • Artificial Selection: Human intervention in selecting traits.
  • Natural Selection: Favourable traits become more common over generations.
  • Adaptation: Traits increasing survival and reproduction.
  • Speciation: Formation of new species.
    • Allopatric speciation: Formation of new species from geographically isolated populations.
    • Sympatric speciation: Formation of new species within the same geographic region.
  • Gene Pool: Set of all alleles in a population.

Evolutionary Theory

  • Lamarck: Proposed organisms change during their lifetime and these acquired traits are passed on to offspring.
  • Darwin: Proposed theory of evolution by natural selection, based on variation, struggle for existence, and survival of the fittest.

Key Scientific Concepts

  • Variation: Exists within populations.
  • Struggle for existence: Competition for resources.
  • Survival of the fittest: Favourable traits increase in frequency.

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