Biology Chapter 5 Protein Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does protein also play a critical role in?

the function of many cells and enzymes in the body.

What are the names of some Essential Amino Acids?

Alanine, Asparagine, Tyrosine

Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine (correct)

Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine (correct)

Arginine, Histidine, Cysteine

What are some names of NONessential Amino Acids?

Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine

Phenylalanine, Threonine, Valine

Lysine, Tryptophan, Glutamine

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid (correct)

What are the names of Semiessential Amino Acids?

Arginine and Histidine Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of High Nutrient Density foods?

Beans and fresh fruit Signup and view all the answers

What are some foods you should eat keeping portions in mind?

starchy vegetables, whole grains, raw nuts and seeds, fish, fat-free dairy, poultry, eggs Signup and view all the answers

What are some foods you should eat sparingly that are LOW nutrient density foods?

Red meat and full-fat dairy Signup and view all the answers

What is the dietary reference intake or DRI for protein?

0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day Signup and view all the answers

What is new research showing regarding protein intake?

That the daily recommended intake is too low for certain groups such as the elderly and athletes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a complete protein?

One that provides all the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs. Signup and view all the answers

What are foods that do not contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs called?

Incomplete proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of incomplete proteins?

Beans, legumes, grains, and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of complementary proteins?

Eating rice and beans Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of complete protein food sources?

Whole egg, milk and milk products Signup and view all the answers

In addition to carbohydrates and proteins, what else provides energy for the body?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

What do lipids include?

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids composed of?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty acids?

Chains of carbon that are linked or bonded together. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Role of Proteins

Proteins are essential for the function of cells and enzymes in the body.
Intestinal cells are replaced every 3 days; red blood cells last 4 months; skin cells are continuously renewed.
Increased cell turnover due to illness or stress raises protein requirements.

Essential Amino Acids

Key essential amino acids include:
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine

Nonessential Amino Acids

Common nonessential amino acids are:
- Alanine
- Asparagine
- Aspartic Acid
- Cysteine
- Glutamic Acid
- Glutamine
- Glycine
- Proline
- Serine
- Tyrosine

Semiessential Amino Acids

Semiessential amino acids include Arginine and Histidine.

High Nutrient Density Foods

Foods to prioritize intake:
- Non-starchy vegetables (raw leafy greens and solid green vegetables)
- Beans
- Fresh fruits

Foods to Eat with Portion Control

Moderate portions of:
- Starchy vegetables
- Whole grains
- Raw nuts and seeds
- Fish
- Fat-free dairy
- Poultry
- Eggs

Low Nutrient Density Foods

Foods to consume sparingly:
- Red meat
- Full-fat dairy and cheese
- Refined grains (e.g., crackers, chips)
- Oils and refined sweets (sugars, baked goods)

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Protein

Recommended intake: 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight daily.
Protein should constitute 10-35% of daily caloric intake.

New Research on Protein Needs

Recent findings suggest higher protein needs for specific groups like the elderly and athletes.
Recommendations include 1.2-1.7 grams per kilogram for athletes, varying by activity level.
Many athletes naturally achieve adequate protein intake without meeting formal recommendations.

Complete Proteins

Complete proteins provide all essential amino acids in adequate amounts and are easily digestible.
Common sources: animal proteins (meats, eggs, dairy) and plant protein (soy).

Incomplete Proteins

Protein sources lacking all essential amino acids are termed incomplete proteins.
Examples include beans, legumes, grains, and vegetables.

Complementary Proteins

Combining incomplete proteins can yield complete proteins.
Classic example: Rice and beans together provide a complete protein via amino acid complementarity.

Sources of Complete Proteins

Foods that are complete sources of protein include:
- Whole eggs
- Dairy products
- Meat and poultry
- Fish
- Combinations like rice and beans, peanut butter on whole wheat, and yogurt with granola.

Energy Sources in the Body

In addition to carbohydrates and proteins, fats (lipids) are significant energy sources.

Components of Lipids

Lipids encompass:
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sterols (including cholesterol)
Most body fat exists as triglycerides.

Composition of Lipids

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with a higher hydrogen atom count.
Lipids provide about 9 calories per gram, almost double the 4 calories per gram from carbohydrates.

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are carbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end, facilitating water miscibility.
Further details not fully stated in the notes.

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Description

This quiz focuses on Chapter 5 of Biology, highlighting the critical roles of proteins in cellular function and enzyme activity. It covers how protein needs can vary based on cell turnover and stress, with an emphasis on various types of cells in the body. Test your knowledge on the importance of proteins!