Biology Chapter 5: Genetics and Perception
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Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment?

  • Gene
  • Alleles
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype (correct)

Which statement accurately describes gene expression?

  • It is the use of genetic instructions to produce specific proteins. (correct)
  • It occurs only in reproductive cells.
  • It is the process of receiving alleles from parents.
  • It is a way to eliminate unneeded genes from the genome.

How many chromosomes does each parent contribute to their offspring?

  • 46 chromosomes
  • 23 chromosomes (correct)
  • 24 chromosomes
  • 22 chromosomes

What is the role of alleles in genetics?

<p>They create variations of a specific gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the human genome in somatic cells?

<p>Sperm cells (B), Red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cones in the human retina?

<p>To provide sharp images and ability to see color under bright light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color channels are proposed in the opponent process theory of color vision?

<p>Red-green and blue-yellow channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do infants as young as 2 days old appear capable of recognizing?

<p>Their mother's face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of face processing is highlighted by cross-cultural research?

<p>East Asians and Western Caucasians use different eye movement strategies while scanning faces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gestalt principle of continuity assert about perception?

<p>We perceive points forming a smooth line as belonging to the same object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most effective depth cues mentioned?

<p>Retinal disparity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the trichromatic theory, which colors correspond to the three types of cones?

<p>Red, green, blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What objection did Gestalt psychologists have against structuralism?

<p>It reduces human experience to basic parts, losing value (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can correlations help identify regarding stressful life events and depression?

<p>The strength and direction of the relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the purpose of an experimental hypothesis?

<p>To predict an outcome based on manipulated variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the independent variable play in an experiment?

<p>It is the variable that is manipulated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are control groups used in experiments?

<p>To evaluate the effects of the independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental design, what is one key feature that distinguishes it from correlational methods?

<p>Random assignment of participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first step in designing an experiment?

<p>Formulating a hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the dependent variable from the independent variable?

<p>Independent variable is manipulated, dependent is measured (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for a good experimental design?

<p>Control of situational variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Freud use to describe the difficulty in remembering traumatizing experiences?

<p>Repression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the predisposition for stuttering according to current research?

<p>Combination of genetics and social-emotional influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'science' specifically refer to?

<p>A method of systematic observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'objectivity' mean in the context of scientific conclusions?

<p>Conclusions based on factual evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes collective misremembering among large groups of people?

<p>Mandela effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is systematic observation preferred over hit-or-miss observation in psychology?

<p>It considers a wider range of behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors influence memory and its conclusions as described in the content?

<p>A combination of emotional, social, and biological factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why people's immediate acquaintances are not sufficient for accurate psychological observations?

<p>They are often biased and unscientific (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major roots of psychology as a discipline?

<p>Philosophy and natural sciences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

<p>It processes sensory information and forwards it to the cerebral cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to British empiricists, how is knowledge acquired?

<p>By observing the world (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Hermann von Helmholtz's studies of reaction time support?

<p>The mind as a physical entity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychological disorders is associated with the basal ganglia?

<p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the '4F' behaviors associated with the hypothalamus?

<p>Feeding, fleeing, fighting, and fornication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle contribute to the understanding of knowledge acquisition?

<p>All knowledge is gained through sensory experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gustav Fechner's work on sound intensity reveal?

<p>There is a measurable threshold for perceiving sounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the hippocampus is damaged?

<p>The ability to form new memories is impaired. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to its role in memory, what other function does the thalamus serve?

<p>Participating in states of consciousness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nature versus nurture, how do contemporary psychologists view the development of intelligence?

<p>Intelligence results from a combination of genetics and experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key insights did ancient physicians contribute to the field of psychology?

<p>The brain is the origin of mental processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cingulate cortex play in emotional regulation?

<p>It is involved in decision making and emotion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus carry out its regulatory tasks?

<p>By directing the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship did early philosophers and psychologists investigate regarding human behavior?

<p>The balance between biological and environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between the thalamus and the cortex?

<p>The thalamus forwards sensory information to the cortex and vice versa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Empiricism

The idea that all knowledge is gained through sensory experiences.

British Empiricism

The school of thought that emphasizes the role of experience in shaping the mind. Knowledge is acquired through observation and interaction with the world.

Sensory Experience

The belief that our understanding of the world is based on sensory experiences and observations.

Psychology

The field of study that examines the mind and behavior. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from perception and cognition to emotions and social interactions.

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Neuroscience

The study of the brain and nervous system, which is the biological basis of mental processes and behavior.

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Reaction Time

A method used to measure the time it takes for a person to respond to a stimulus. This method helps researchers understand the speed of mental processes.

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Mind as Physical

The idea that the mind is a physical entity, and that mental processes are based on physical mechanisms in the brain.

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Nature vs. Nurture

The idea that both biological and environmental factors contribute to human behavior and development.

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Repression

The idea that traumatic experiences can be pushed out of conscious awareness, making them difficult to recall.

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Science

The study of the human mind and behavior using systematic observation and experimentation.

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Objectivity

A conclusion or belief that relies on facts without personal feelings or opinions influencing it.

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Mandela Effect

A widely shared false memory or belief, often stemming from misinterpretations of real-world events.

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Stuttering

The act of stuttering, often caused by a combination of genetic, developmental, emotional, and social factors.

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Memory Bias

The tendency for memories to be unreliable, impacted by personal biases and errors in perception.

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Faith

Beliefs based on faith or personal conviction rather than logical proof or scientific evidence.

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Systematic Observation

The process of gathering information through systematic observations, experiments, and analysis.

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Human Genome

The complete set of genetic instructions for building a human.

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Genotype

Your unique set of genes inherited from your parents.

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Phenotype

Observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

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Alleles

Different versions of a gene that can lead to variations in traits.

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Gene Expression

The process of using genetic instructions to create a particular protein.

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Correlational Study

A research method that investigates the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any of them.

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Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment. It's the "cause" in a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment. It's the "effect" in a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does NOT receive the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable. It serves as a baseline for comparison.

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Experimental Group

A group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable. It's used to assess the effects of the independent variable.

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Random Assignment

The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment by chance, ensuring that each participant has an equal opportunity to be in any group.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables in an experiment.

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What is the Thalamus?

A brain structure that acts as a central relay station for sensory information, directing it to the cerebral cortex for processing.

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What is the Hippocampus?

A brain region crucial for memory formation, particularly long-term memories.

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What is the Hypothalamus?

The control center for motivation and regulating essential body functions like temperature, thirst, hunger, and sleep.

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What is the Cingulate Cortex?

A brain region involved in decision-making, emotional processing, and empathy.

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What are the Basal Ganglia?

A group of structures deep in the brain that control movement, posture, and some cognitive functions.

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What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A condition characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors that an individual feels compelled to perform.

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What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

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What is the Cerebral Cortex?

The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like language, reasoning, and planning.

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Trichromatic Theory

The idea that we perceive color based on three types of cones in the retina, each sensitive to a different primary color (red, green, or blue). Mixing these colors produces white light, like sunlight. This theory explains how we see a wide range of colors.

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Opponent Process Theory

A theory suggesting that our ability to see color is based on opponent color channels, like red-green or blue-yellow. Activity in one color within a channel reduces activity in the other, explaining why we can't see colors like reddish-green or bluish-yellow.

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Monocular Cues

The ability of our eyes to detect depth and distance using cues that require only one eye. These cues include relative size, texture gradients, and linear perspective.

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Binocular Cues

The ability of our eyes to detect depth and distance using cues that require both eyes. These cues include retinal disparity and convergence.

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Retinal Disparity

The difference in the position of an object as seen by each eye. The greater the difference, the closer the object appears.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of psychology that emphasizes the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It suggests that we perceive the world as structured patterns and organized wholes, rather than just isolated elements.

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Continuity

The Gestalt principle stating that we tend to perceive points that form a smooth continuous line as belonging to the same object or pattern, creating a sense of unity.

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Face Recognition

The ability to recognize someone's face, especially the ability to recognize your own mother's face, even as an infant.

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Study Notes

General Psychology Study Notes

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour, mental processes, and brain functions.
  • Psychology's roots lie in philosophy and the natural sciences.
  • Early attempts to study the mind, such as introspection, proved unsatisfactory due to the subjectivity involved in self-observation.
  • Psychological scientists now use experiments and other systematic methods to measure and explain behaviour.
  • Psychology encompasses various perspectives, including biological, evolutionary, cognitive, developmental, social, and personality, as well as clinical psychology.
  • Key methods in psychology include descriptive methods, such as case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations, correlational methods, and experimental methods.
  • The scientific method involves formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions.
  • Replication of studies is crucial for verifying findings and building reliable knowledge.
  • Key concepts include:
    • Consciousness
    • Cognition
    • Behaviour
    • Neuroscience
    • Nature vs. nurture
    • Memory
    • Learning
    • Psychological disorders

Specific Psychology Areas (if applicable, provide the specific text to be summarized for more detailed notes)

  • If you provide specific areas, I can create more detailed notes (e.g., memory, learning, etc.)

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in genetics and perception from a biological perspective, covering topics such as gene expression, chromosomes, and color vision theories. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact with environmental factors and human perception. Perfect for students studying biological sciences or preparing for exams.

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