Questions and Answers
What is the active site of an enzyme?
What is active transport?
The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient requiring energy.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
What is the function of an aquaporin?
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Define cellular respiration.
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What is chemical energy?
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What is a coenzyme?
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What role does a cofactor play?
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What does a competitive inhibitor do?
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What is a concentration gradient?
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Define diffusion.
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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What is endocytosis?
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What is energy?
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What is energy coupling?
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Define entropy.
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What is an enzyme?
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What does an exergonic reaction do?
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What is exocytosis?
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Describe facilitated diffusion.
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What is feedback inhibition?
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?
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What is a fluid mosaic?
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Define heat in a biological context.
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Study Notes
Enzymatic and Cellular Mechanisms
- Active Site: Location on an enzyme where a substrate binds, allowing for chemical reactions to occur.
- Enzyme: Proteins or RNA that act as biological catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed.
- Competitive Inhibitor: Mimics substrate and binds to the active site, blocking enzyme activity.
Transport Mechanisms
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (often ATP) and specific transport proteins.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Involves specific transport proteins to move substances across membranes along their concentration gradient.
- Endocytosis: Process of cellular uptake by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.
- Exocytosis: Release of materials from a cell via vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.
Energy and Metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Primary energy carrier in cells.
- Cellular Respiration: Aerobic process that converts food molecules into usable energy, involving glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Energy Coupling: Utilizing energy released from exergonic reactions to fuel endergonic reactions.
- Chemical Energy: Potential energy stored in molecules, released during chemical reactions.
- Exergonic Reaction: Energy-releasing reaction where products have less potential energy than reactants.
- Endergonic Reaction: Energy-consuming reaction that yields products with higher potential energy.
Concentration and Gradients
- Concentration Gradient: Variation in chemical substance density across areas, influencing substance movement.
- Diffusion: Spontaneous process where substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Thermodynamics and Entropy
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy conservation principle; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Entropy: Measure of disorder; associated with energy transformations, particularly heat as random molecular motion.
Biochemical Factors and Control
- Coenzyme: Organic molecule that functions as a cofactor, often derived from vitamins, essential for enzymatic activity.
- Cofactor: Nonprotein molecule or ion necessary for enzyme function.
- Feedback Inhibition: Self-regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme, controlling metabolic processes.
Biological Membranes
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Describes the dynamic structure of cellular membranes, comprised of diverse proteins in a flexible phospholipid bilayer.
Heat
- Heat: Form of thermal energy associated with molecular movement; represents energy in its most random state.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms from Biology Chapter 5. Each card includes definitions for concepts such as active sites and active transport, essential for understanding enzyme functions and cellular processes. Perfect for students preparing for exams.