Biology Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To control the flow of materials in and out of the cell (correct)
  • To break down waste
  • To produce proteins
  • To store DNA

    • The pH scale is a linear scale, meaning a change of 1 pH unit represents the same change in hydrogen ion concentration throughout the scale.

    False (B)

    What does the acronym 'NaOH' stand for?

    Sodium hydroxide

    The ___________ is the control center of the cell and contains DNA.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary function:

    <p>Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus = Packages and sorts materials Lysosome = Breaks down waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of plant cells, but not found in animal cells?

    <p>Chloroplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endoplasmic reticulum helps transport materials throughout the cell and it is smooth if it is involved in the production of ______ .

    <p>fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound formed when sodium and chlorine combine?

    <p>Sodium chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical reaction, the number of atoms of each element must be the same on both the reactants and products side.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons?

    <p>covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular compounds have generally low melting and ______ points.

    <p>boiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a diatomic molecule?

    <p>O2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Reactants = Substances consumed in a reaction Products = Substances formed in a reaction Exothermic = Reactions that release energy Endothermic = Reactions that absorb energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a property of molecular compounds?

    <p>High melting and boiling points (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chemical equations, only the ______ can be changed when balancing, not the subscripts.

    <p>coefficients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When naming multivalent metals, the Roman numeral represents the number of atoms of the metal.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the general equation A + B -> AB?

    <p>Synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of image do plane mirrors produce?

    <p>Virtual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convex mirrors cause reflected rays to converge, creating real images.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the bending of light as it moves from one medium to another?

    <p>refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a light ray travels from a faster medium to a slower medium, it bends towards the _________.

    <p>normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mirror types with their characteristics:

    <p>Plane mirror = Produces virtual images that are the same size and laterally inverted Concave mirror = Can produce real or virtual images depending on object distance, converging Convex mirror = Always produces virtual images, diverging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is represented by the equation Zn + S → ZnS?

    <p>Synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete combustion always produces only carbon dioxide and water.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion do acids tend to form when dissolved in water?

    <p>hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a light ray travels from a slower medium to a faster medium, how does it bend?

    <p>Away from the normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reaction where one element takes the place of another in a compound is called a ______ reaction.

    <p>single displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diverging lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bases?

    <p>Feels slippery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxy-acids, like HClO4, contain hydrogen and a non-metal only.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lens is used to correct myopia?

    <p>diverging lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyperopia, light rays from nearby objects converge ______ the retina.

    <p>behind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vision problems with their corrective lens type:

    <p>Hyperopia = Converging Lens Myopia = Diverging Lens Presbyopia = Converging Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reaction types with their descriptions:

    <p>Decomposition = One compound breaks down into smaller compounds Single Displacement = One element replaces another element in a compound Double Displacement = Metal ions of two different compounds change places Combustion = Reaction involving the burning of a hydrocarbon with oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?

    <p>Uncontrolled growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of cancer cells breaking away from the primary tumour and forming a new tumour elsewhere is called metastasis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To prevent food from entering the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rhythmic contractions of muscles in the esophagus that move food towards the stomach is called ______.

    <p>peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following digestive organs with their primary functions:

    <p>Salivary Glands = Chemical digestion of carbohydrates Stomach = Mechanical and chemical digestion Small intestine = Absorption of nutrients Large intestine = Absorption of water and elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

    <p>Production of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries carry blood towards the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of blood?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smallest blood vessels where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs are known as ______.

    <p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Passage for air, contains cilia and mucus Alveoli = Site of gas exchange with surrounding capillaries Lungs = Main organ that facilitates gas exchange and where breathing happens Diaphragm = A muscle whose contraction causes inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>It contracts and moves downward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electromagnetic waves require a medium to travel through.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the laws of reflection, the angle of incidence always equals the angle of ______.

    <p>reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of reflection with its characteristics:

    <p>Specular reflection = Light reflects off a smooth surface with parallel rays Diffuse reflection = Light reflects off an irregular surface with scattered rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemistry

    • Physical vs Chemical Change:

      • Evidence of chemical change:
        • Change in colour
        • Change in odour
        • Formation of a precipitate
        • Gas release (bubbles formed not by heating)
        • Change in temperature or light
      • Differences:
        • Chemical changes are not reversible
        • Physical changes involve changes in shape, form, or appearance

    • Atoms vs Ions:

      • Protons are positive, electrons are negative, neutrons are neutral
      • Losing or gaining electrons creates an imbalance of charges, forming ions (number of protons ≠ number of electrons)

    • Cations vs Anions:

      • Metals tend to lose electrons to form a full valence shell and become positively charged cations
      • Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form a full valence shell and become negatively charged anions

    • Naming Ions:

      • Metals: add "ion" to the end of the name (e.g., sodium = sodium ion)
      • Nonmetals: add "ide" to the end of the name's prefix (e.g., oxygen = oxide)

    • Patterns on the Periodic Table:

      • Periods: rows across the table
      • Groups: columns down the table
      • Period number: represents the number of electron shells
      • Group number: represents the number of valence electrons in the outermost shell

    • Ionic Compounds:

      • Formed from positive cations and negative anions bonded through an ionic bond
      • Properties: solid at room temperature, hard, brittle, high melting points; electrolytes

    • Naming Ionic Compounds:

      • Metal ion is named first (no change in name)
      • Nonmetal is named second and changes to "-ide"

    Biology

    • Organelles:
      • Cell Membrane: Separates the cell from its environment; controls the flow of materials; provides support and flexibility
      • Nucleus: Control center; contains DNA; surrounded by a nuclear membrane; controls all functions
      • Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes
      • Chromosomes: Made of chromatids; contain genetic information
      • Mitochondria: "Powerhouse" of the cell; cellular respiration; more energy needed, more mitochondria present
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Tunnels and canals connecting the cell membrane and nucleus; helps transport materials
        • Smooth: Involved in the production of fats.
        • Rough: Involved in the production of proteins
      • Ribosomes: Make proteins; can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating
      • Golgi Apparatus: Packages and sorts materials
      • Vacuoles: Storage and support; hold waste, water, food, proteins

    Biology (continued)

    • Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:

      • Prokaryotes: do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)
      • Eukaryotes: have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animal and plant cells)

    • Stem Cells:

      • Unspecialized cells that can become any cell type in the body
      • Embryonic stem cells are found in embryos; tissue stem cells are found in adults
      • Blood cell banking uses stem cells

    • Cell Cycle:

      • Interphase: growth phase (G1 and G2) followed by DNA synthesis; 90% of cell life
      • Mitosis: nuclear division
        • Prophase: chromosomes condense; nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles move
        • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
        • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
        • Telophase: new nuclear membranes form around separated sets of chromosomes
      • Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

    • Cancer Cells:

      • Uncontrolled cell division forming tumors
      • Benign tumors are non-cancerous; Malignant tumors are cancerous and spread to other tissues (metastasis)

    Chemistry (continued)

    • Chemical Reactions:

      • Substances interact to form new substances
      • Reactants: substances that are used up in the reaction
      • Products: substances that are created
      • Reactions can release energy (exothermic) or absorb energy (endothermic)
      • Law of conservation of mass: Mass of reactants = mass of products
      • Balancing equations: ratio of atoms doesn't change, coefficients can change

    • Types of Reactions:

      • Synthesis (combination): A + B → AB
      • Decomposition: AB → A + B
      • Single displacement: A + BC → AC + B
      • Double displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
      • Combustion: Reaction with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

    • Acids vs. Bases:

      • Acids: sour taste; form hydrogen ions in water; react with some metals and carbonates
      • Bases: bitter taste; form hydroxide ions in water; feel slippery; react with acids, turning red litmus paper blue

    • pH scale: A logarithmic scale to measure acidity and basicity ; ranges from 0 to 14

    • Complete vs Incomplete Combustion:

      • Complete combustion: sufficient oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water
      • Incomplete combustion: limited oxygen, producing carbon monoxide, and other substances

    • Molecular Compounds: Formed when two nonmetals share electrons (covalent bonds)

    Biology (continued)

    • Digestive System:

      • Function: breakdown of food through mechanical and chemical methods
      • Stages: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination

    • Digestive Organs: Describes the function and location of organs like esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, including processes like mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and nutrient transport

    • Circulatory System:

      • Function: Transports oxygen, hormones, nutrients, waste products throughout the body
      • Blood: Components: (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma)
      • Heart: Chambers, Valves, Pacemaker Cells
      • Blood Vessels: (arteries, veins, capillaries)

    • Respiratory System:

      • Function: Provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide
      • Passage of air through nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli)

    Physics

    • Electromagnetic waves: Different types of radiation (radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma)

    • Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection; light ray, reflected ray, and the normal are in the same plane

    • Refraction: Bending of light when it passes between different mediums

    • Lenses: Converging vs. diverging lenses (types, behavior of light rays, principal focus)

    • Focusing problems: Myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell structure and functions in this quiz designed for Biology Chapter 5. You'll encounter questions about the cell membrane, organelles, and the pH scale. Challenge yourself to match organelles with their functions and more.

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