Biology Chapter 5 - Cell Growth and Division

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Questions and Answers

What is the cell cycle?

A stage in the development of organisms

Pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division (correct)

A process of dividing the cytoplasm

A phase occurring only in prokaryotic cells

What is mitosis?

Process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents.

What is cytokinesis?

Process by which the cell cytoplasm divides.

What is a chromosome?

Long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information. Signup and view all the answers

What is a histone?

Protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps. Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

Loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromatid?

One half of a duplicated chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

Region of condensed chromosome where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a telomere?

Repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase?

First phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during metaphase?

Second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase?

Third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What marks the last phase of mitosis?

Telophase, when a complete set of identical chromosomes is at each pole and the nuclear membranes begin to form. Signup and view all the answers

What are growth factors?

Broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death. Signup and view all the answers

What is cancer?

Common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What does benign mean in medical terms?

Having no dangerous effect on health, especially referring to non-cancerous abnormal cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

What does malignant mean?

Cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to metastasize?

To spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carcinogen?

Substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What is asexual reproduction?

Process by which offspring are produced from a single parent without the joining of gametes. Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

Asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts. Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

Group of cells that work together to perform a similar function. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ?

Group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

Two or more organs that work in a coordinated way to carry out similar functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is cell differentiation?

Processes by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stem cell?

Cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Division

The cell cycle consists of growth, DNA replication, and cell division processes in eukaryotic cells.
Mitosis refers to the division of a cell's nucleus and contents, crucial for cell reproduction.
Cytokinesis is the process where the cell cytoplasm splits, finalizing cell division.

Chromosomal Structures

Chromosomes are long DNA threads containing numerous genes and regulatory information.
Histones are proteins that help organize chromosomes and provide a structure for DNA wrapping.
Chromatin is a loose combination of DNA and proteins present during interphase.
A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome, essential for cell division.
The centromere is the region that attaches spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at DNA ends that protect gene integrity.

Mitosis Phases

Prophase: Chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to cell poles.
Metaphase: Spindle fibers align chromosomes at the cell equator.
Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: Identical chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membranes reform, and chromosomes uncoil.

Cellular Regulation and Cancer

Growth factors are proteins that stimulate and regulate cell division.
Apoptosis is the programmed cell death process, crucial for maintaining healthy tissue.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to tumors.
Benign tumors are non-cancerous and generally do not pose serious health risks.
Malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread harmful cells throughout the body (metastasize).
Carcinogens are substances that promote cancer development.

Reproductive Processes

Asexual reproduction occurs through a single parent, without gamete formation.
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two equal parts.

Tissue Organization

Tissues are composed of groups of cells working together for a common function.
Organs are formed by different tissue types collaborating to perform specific functions.
Organ systems consist of multiple organs coordinating to execute related actions.

Cell Development

Cell differentiation involves unspecialized cells developing into mature forms with specific functions.
Stem cells are unique as they can divide extensively while remaining undifferentiated.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of cell growth and division in eukaryotic cells with this comprehensive flashcard quiz. Cover important terms like the cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis, and chromosomes. Ideal for reinforcing your understanding of biological processes.