Biology Chapter 43: Gastrulation and Germ Layers
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of gastrulation in animal embryos?

  • To create the three main germ layers (correct)
  • To form the blastopore
  • To initiate skeletal rod formation
  • To develop the nervous system

Which germ layer eventually gives rise to the muscles and organs in animal embryos?

  • Mesoderm (correct)
  • Endoderm
  • Micromeres
  • Ectoderm

In sea urchin gastrulation, what does the blue color represent?

  • Mesoderm precursor
  • Micromeres
  • Ectoderm precursor (correct)
  • Endoderm precursor

Which model systems are used to examine gastrulation?

<p>Sea urchin, frog, chick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the eventual fate of the endoderm layer in animal embryos?

<p>Becomes the digestive and respiratory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is crucial during sea urchin gastrulation for future skeletal rod formation?

<p>Archenteron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do micromeres represent in sea urchin gastrulation?

<p>Specialized cell type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Mesoderm' is responsible for the formation of which of the following?

<p>'Muscles and organs' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the blastula formation in chicks and other organisms?

<p>Chicks have a flat disk of cells called a blastodisc, while other organisms have a ball of cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the hypoblast layer that forms underneath the epiblast during chick blastula development?

<p>The hypoblast supports the epiblast during gastrulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Koller's sickle in the development of the chick primitive streak?

<p>The Koller's sickle forms the primitive streak. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the formation of the primitive streak in chicks, where do the congregated cells migrate from and to?

<p>The cells migrate from the posterior end to the anterior end of the blastodisc. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the primitive streak as it migrates across the blastodisc during chick gastrulation?

<p>The primitive streak deepens to form the primitive groove. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure eventually accumulates calcium carbonate to form a hard shell around the developing chick embryo?

<p>A membrane that forms around the developing structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a key structure or event in the gastrulation of the chick blastodisc?

<p>Formation of the yolk sac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of chick embryo development does the primitive streak first begin to form?

<p>Within the first 3-4 hours of incubation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the signal that gastrulation has ended?

<p>Yolk Plug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the space formed between the dorsal and ventral lips get filled?

<p>After the yolk plug forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the yolk plug eventually become in frogs?

<p>Anus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms underneath the dorsal lip in the gastrulation process?

<p>Ventral lip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial shape and arrangement of the primary mesenchyme cells before they begin to dissociate and move?

<p>Cube-shaped and held together by cell-adhesion proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal lamina in the movement of primary mesenchyme cells during sea urchin gastrulation?

<p>It acts as a barrier that the cells must penetrate to enter the blastocoel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the extracellular matrix fibril in the context of primary mesenchyme cell movement during sea urchin gastrulation?

<p>It facilitates the elongation and shape changes of the cells as they move (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the archenteron in the context of sea urchin development?

<p>It is the primitive gastric cavity that eventually becomes the anus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the blastopore during sea urchin development?

<p>It becomes the anus opening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the primary and secondary mesenchyme cells in sea urchin development?

<p>The secondary mesenchyme cells are a heterogeneous population with different fates and behaviors from the primary mesenchyme cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event that triggers the dissociation and movement of the primary mesenchyme cells into the blastocoel?

<p>The loss of cell-adhesion proteins between the cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial location of the primary mesenchyme cells before their dissociation and movement?

<p>They are located in the vegetal hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Hensen's node in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It directs the ingression of cells that form the head of the organism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primitive pit in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It marks the anterior end of the primitive groove. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the ectoderm in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It is formed from the remaining epiblast cells on the surface after ingression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypoblast during the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It serves as a support layer between the blastodisc and the yolk during gastrulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primitive streak in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It marks the anterior-posterior axis on the surface of the early embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>The ingression of epiblast cells into the blastodisc. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the primitive groove in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>It serves as the entry point for the ingression of cells into the blastodisc. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the primitive groove and the primitive streak in the formation of the three germ layers?

<p>The primitive streak is formed as a result of the formation of the primitive groove. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the notochord in neural tube formation?

<p>To signal the neural ectoderm to form the neural tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neural crest cells?

<p>To differentiate into the peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the eventual fate of the neural tube?

<p>It gives rise to the central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a step in the formation of the neural tube?

<p>The notochord differentiates into the neural tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the brain vesicles during embryonic development?

<p>To give rise to different regions of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the neural plate?

<p>It is part of the ectoderm that becomes the brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the neural crest cells and the peripheral nervous system?

<p>The neural crest cells give rise to the peripheral nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for signaling the neural ectoderm to form the neural tube?

<p>The notochord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neural folds during neurulation?

<p>To give rise to the neural crest cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the neural tube and the central nervous system?

<p>The neural tube develops into the central nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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