Questions and Answers
Describe the three major differences between deuterostome and protostome development.
In protostomes, the mouth opening is the first to be formed, followed by the anus. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first, followed by the mouth. This occurs during the gastrulation stage.
Are sea star spines movable?
True
What is the consistency of the madreporite?
Small and smooth, porous since it takes salt water to the water vascular system.
How many tube feet would you estimate are in one arm of a sea star?
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What part of the water vascular system extends into each arm?
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What other phyla that you have examined rely on 'hydraulics' as part of their locomotion system?
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Between brittle stars and sea stars, which have the most apparent ossicles? Do they overlap?
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Are the tube feet visible in the Ophioderma?
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How does the position of the mouth and anus of a crinoid relate to a primitive sessile existence?
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Is an urchin's test pentaradially symmetrical?
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Urchins and sand dollars lack arms. How do they move?
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Do tentacles have a single universal function or varied functions?
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Describe the functions of pedicellariae, madreporite, dermal gills, Aristotle's lantern, tube feet, and water vascular system.
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What other group of organisms has cellulose in its supporting structures?
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Which closely related subphylum of chordates does an ammocoete resemble?
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Which fins of sharks provide power and speed?
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Why is the number of pharyngeal gill slits in sharks fewer than that in lampreys?
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How do the number and shape of fins of a bony fish differ from those of a shark?
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Describe the location of a fin present in bony fish but not in sharks.
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How does the symmetry of the tail of a fish compare with that of a shark?
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Does most of the power for movement by a fish come from the tail or from other fins?
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Can fish move water over their gills without moving through the water? What role does the operculum play in this movement?
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How does the buoyancy of an air bladder affect the motion of a fish compared to that of a shark?
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How are the legs of a frog different from the fins of a fish to enable movement on land?
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What is the adaptive significance of internal fertilization and a watertight egg?
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How do the legs of different reptiles vary in number, size, and function?
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What are wings of flying animals other than birds made of?
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Why might birds use keen vision more than reptiles or amphibians do?
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What might be the adaptive advantage of homeothermy?
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Describe six adaptations of birds to flight.
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Does it surprise you that echinoderms are more closely related to our own phylum (Chordata) than are other phyla?
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Why are embryological features important for distinguishing the major groups of phyla?
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What characteristics of echinoderms deemphasize the need for a head?
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What problems were associated with colonizing land during the evolution of vertebrates?
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Why do you suppose four rather than five or six appendages is the rule for vertebrates?
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Why have higher organisms not retained the cuticle structure?
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What is the difference in the developmental derivation of mandibles among insects, jaws of vertebrates, and the beak of an octopus?
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Why are mammals often called the most advanced form of life?
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Do you believe that the powers of locomotion in mammals are superior to those of birds?
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Compare the origin and function of reptile scales, bird feathers, and mammal hair.
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Prepare a simple table of all of the taxonomic groups.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of closed versus open circulatory systems?
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What is meant by endothermic? Hypothesize some evolutionary advantages and costs of being endothermic.
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Study Notes
Deuterostome vs. Protostome Development
- Protostomes develop the mouth first and then the anus; this occurs during gastrulation.
- Deuterostomes develop the anus first, followed by the mouth.
Sea Star Anatomy
- Sea star spines are movable, allowing for flexibility and protection.
- The madreporite is a small, smooth, and porous structure responsible for water intake in the water vascular system.
- Each arm of a sea star contains approximately 1,000 tube feet for movement and feeding.
- The water vascular system extends into each arm, facilitating locomotion and manipulation.
Locomotion in Related Phyla
- Other phyla utilizing hydraulic locomotion include echinoderms and some mollusks.
- Brittle stars exhibit more apparent ossicles compared to sea stars, but there is some overlap.
Crinoids and Symmetry
- Crinoids have the mouth positioned above the anus, reflecting a primitive, sessile lifestyle.
- An urchin's test (shell) exhibits pentaradial symmetry, characteristic of echinoderms.
Movement and Adaptations
- Urchins and sand dollars move using tube feet and their water vascular system rather than arms.
- Tentacles in hydras, octopuses, and sea cucumbers have varied functions, including feeding and defense.
Echinoderm Functions
- Pedicellariae help in cleaning and protection; madreporite is vital for water balance.
- Dermal gills assist in respiration; Aristotle's lantern is used for feeding; tube feet aid in movement.
Cellulose in Organisms
- Certain organisms, including some tunicates, have cellulose in their supportive structures, surprising given its rarity in animal phyla.
Chordate Subphyla
- Ammocoetes resemble the subphylum Cephalochordata, which includes lancelets, indicating a close evolutionary relationship.
Shark Adaptations
- Shark tails provide thrust, with power and speed influenced by tail shape, adapted for varying environments.
- Sharks possess fewer pharyngeal gill slits than lampreys due to evolutionary adaptations.
Fish Anatomy
- Bony fish have flexible fins of diverse shapes, including a fin unique to them absent in sharks.
- Fins are critical for movement, with the tail being the primary source of propulsion.
Gill Water Movement
- Fish can move water over gills without forward motion; the operculum aids in this by creating suction.
Buoyancy and Motion
- The air bladder of fish affects buoyancy, allowing for different motion compared to sharks that rely on different mechanisms for buoyancy and movement.
Adaptations for Land
- Frog legs differ from fish fins for efficient terrestrial movement, with adaptations for supporting body weight and locomotion.
Reproductive Adaptations
- Internal fertilization and watertight eggs enable reproductive success on land, reducing desiccation risks.
Reptilian Variation
- Reptile legs vary in number and size according to lifestyle needs, adapting to different environments.
Wings in Animals
- Wings in flying animals beyond birds are structured differently, often made of membranes or modified appendages.
Sensory Adaptations
- Birds typically have superior vision over reptiles/amphibians, aiding in hunting and navigation.
Homeothermy Advantages
- Homeothermy allows consistent enzymatic activity, promoting metabolic efficiency despite higher energy costs.
Avian Flight Adaptations
- Birds exhibit adaptations for flight, including lightweight bones, feathers, powerful muscles, and a streamlined body.
Echinoderm Relationships
- Echinoderms are closely related to chordates; this proximity is often underestimated due to their differing morphologies.
Embryological Features
- Embryological characteristics are crucial for phylum differentiation, showcasing evolutionary history and relationships.
Echinoderm Characteristics
- Echinoderms lack cephalization, reflecting their reliance on a decentralized nerve network rather than a centralized brain.
Land Colonization Challenges
- Vertebrate evolution faced challenges in gas exchange, mobility, and reproduction when colonizing terrestrial environments.
Appendage Structure
- The common presence of four appendages among vertebrates may be due to evolutionary efficiency, balancing function with structural integrity.
Cuticle Adaptations
- Higher organisms have not retained a cuticle due to the complex structural needs and functions of advanced body systems.
Mandible Development
- Insect mandibles, vertebrate jaws, and octopus beaks differ in developmental origin yet serve analogous functions in feeding.
Mammals' Evolutionary Status
- Mammals are often considered the most advanced life form due to their complex behaviors, diverse adaptations, and ecological niches.
Mammalian Locomotion
- Mammals demonstrate varied locomotion capabilities, with potential advantages and disadvantages compared to avian flight adaptations.
Comparative Structure
- Reptile scales, bird feathers, and mammal hair have a common origin in the epidermis but differ in structure and function adapted to each class's needs.
Taxonomic Classification
- Maintain a detailed table of taxonomic groups, their common names, distinguishing characteristics, and representative genera for study reference.
Circulatory Systems
- Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, while mollusks and arthropods have an open system; advantages include efficiency in nutrient transport and gas exchange, while disadvantages may involve reduced control over blood flow.
Endothermy in Vertebrates
- Endothermic organisms, such as birds and mammals, maintain stable internal temperatures; advantages include enhanced activity levels, while costs involve higher energy demands.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 40 of Biology with these flashcards. This set focuses on differences in development between deuterostomes and protostomes, along with specific features of sea stars. Enhance your understanding of embryonic development and marine biology.
