Biology Chapter 4 Quiz

Anything that has mass and takes up space. In the human body, it includes substances like bones, muscles, and fluids.

The fundamental building block of matter, composed of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons.

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons determines the element's identity.

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. Their arrangement determines how an atom will interact with others.

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They contribute to an atom's mass and can influence its stability.

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge. They play crucial roles in bodily processes like nerve function.

An ion with a positive charge, formed when an atom loses electrons.

An ion with a negative charge, formed when an atom gains electrons.

Weak forces attracting molecules, influencing their properties like melting and boiling points.

A specific intermolecular bond where a hydrogen atom, linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen), is attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule.

The ability of a substance to dissolve other substances.

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 Kelvin).

Water molecules sticking together.

Water molecules sticking to other substances.

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, indicating its acidity or alkalinity.

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is; pH 7 is neutral, below is acidic, and above is alkaline.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus, providing an approximation of its mass.

A unit representing 6.022 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

The process of a substance transitioning from a solid to a liquid state.

The process of a substance transitioning from a liquid to a gaseous state.

The process of a substance transitioning from a gaseous state to a liquid state.

A force that holds atoms together, enabling the formation of molecules.

A bond formed when one atom donates an electron to another, resulting in charged ions that attract each other.

A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, creating a stable molecule.

Proteins that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms.

A type of enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars.

Proteins that provide structure and support to cells and tissues.

A structural protein found in connective tissue, providing strength and elasticity to skin, tendons, and ligaments.

Proteins that are involved in muscle contraction.

Proteins that carry substances throughout the body.

A transport protein found in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Proteins that act as chemical messengers that regulate physiological processes.

The simplest type of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule.

Carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides linked together.

Long chains of monosaccharides linked together, serving as storage forms of energy.

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, and cholesterol, essential for energy storage, cell membranes, and signaling.

The main form of stored fat in the body, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

A major component of cell membranes, characterized by a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

Long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms linked, forming the building blocks of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Proteins are large complex molecules made up of amino acids, essential for a wide variety of functions in the body.

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, leading to a stable molecule.

The protein responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, found in red blood cells.

A molecule composed of a sugar (glucose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. An important energy source for the body.

The ability of water to interact with itself due to its polar nature, creating a strong surface tension.

The ability of water to interact with other substances, like dissolving salts and sugars.

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the natural tendency to reach equilibrium.

The process by which water molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

The disruption of protein function due to high blood glucose levels, leading to the formation of harmful molecules that can impair tissue repair and contribute to complications.