Questions and Answers
Which of the following organelles is found within a cell that is both eukaryotic and autotrophic?
After being formed by the ribosomes located on the endoplasmic reticulum, what is the next organelle to which a protein could be transported?
Which of the following helps direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell?
Which is NOT true about the cell theory?
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In light of the cell theory that 'all living things are composed of cells,' what can be concluded about slime molds and syncytia?
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Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?
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A high-powered microscope that produces an image from scattered secondary electrons is the
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A microscope that uses antibodies that glow to reveal the location of a protein in a cell is the
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A microscope used to observe living cells and organelles by contrasting the phase differences so that some regions appear brighter is the
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Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?
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Which statement is NOT true about bacterial anatomy?
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An amino sugar called N-acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents this amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Therefore,
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Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to
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Which is NOT true of eukaryotic cells?
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Cells that do NOT produce cell walls are:
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Which of the following is NOT offered as evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory, the belief that a eukaryotic cell has evolved as a 'committee' of prokaryotic cells?
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Which is a true statement about ribosomes?
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Chloroplasts are to ____________ as ___________ are to aerobic respiration.
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_______ are to ribosomes as lipids are to _________.
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Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT
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Which of these is NOT part of the endomembrane system of the cell?
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Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecules with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are
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Which is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria?
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Which cytoskeletal element is NOT correctly associated with its characteristic?
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The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one-celled paramecia both have these short hair-like projections.
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The springtail is a very common small insect that lives in rotten logs, rich soil, and other humid places. Its cuticle is water repelling (hydrophobic) except for a strange organ, the collophore, on its ventral side. Because it lacks the excretory organs of other insects, the springtail has this organ in contact with the water (it is responsible for ion balance and secretion of wastes). If we examined the cell structure of this collophore, we would expect to find a high number of
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Each time the water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has 'freezer burn' from repeated freezing is the destruction of
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Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?
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All cells have these two characteristics:
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Cell biologists have introduced radioactively labeled carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids to living cells, allowed time for cell metabolism, and then disrupted the cells in a blender and separated out the various cell organelles from the cytoplasm. They found the radioactive molecules could soon be detected as part of various cellular compounds, although the visible cell structures appeared unchanged. This leads us to conclude that
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From your knowledge of the size and density of cell components and the process of centrifugation, predict the order (from first to last) that the nucleus and organelles will be extracted?
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Why is a large surface area: volume ratio needed for cells to function properly?
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The plant cell's central vacuole
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Of the following, which is NOT associated with the mitochondria?
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Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes.
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All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
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Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bacteria that became part of the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis.
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently from the division of the cell.
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Study Notes
Cellular Structures and Their Functions
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in eukaryotic autotrophic cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- Proteins synthesized by ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging.
- The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in directing the movement of materials and organelles throughout the cell.
Cell Theory and Cellular Organization
- Key components of cell theory include that all organisms comprise cells, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.
- Some organisms, like slime molds and syncytial tissues, challenge traditional views of cell structure but do not contradict the cellular basis of life entirely.
Organelles and Their Interactions
- Lysosomes and vesicles arise from the Golgi apparatus, which processes and transports cellular materials.
- Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and immunofluorescence microscopes are advanced tools used to visualize cell structures and locate proteins.
Bacterial Cell Characteristics
- Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from eukaryotic cells.
- The cell wall, composed of peptidoglycan, provides structure and prevents osmotic lysis in bacterial cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
- Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and larger ribosomes compared to prokaryotic cells.
- Animal cells do not produce cell walls, unlike plant and fungal cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells, supported by features of mitochondria and chloroplasts like their own DNA and ribosomes.
Cellular Structures Involved in Metabolism
- Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, assembling polypeptides from amino acids.
- Mitochondria are key organelles for cellular respiration, converting nutrients into ATP.
Unique Features of Cell Types
- Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and support, while some cellular structures like the Golgi bodies are essential for processing and packaging macromolecules.
Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- A high surface area to volume ratio is critical for effective nutrient uptake and waste removal in cells, impacting their metabolic efficiency.
Miscellaneous Cellular Concepts
- The concept of the cytoskeleton highlights its role in transport and structural integrity within eukaryotic cells.
- The central vacuole in plant cells serves multiple functions, including storage and maintaining turgor pressure.
Experimental Observations
- Experiments with radioactively labeled molecules demonstrate that most cell components are continuously synthesized and degraded, illustrating dynamic cellular metabolism.
Common Misconceptions
- Not all cells have a cell wall; animal cells lack this structure.
- Mitochondria do not possess thylakoid membranes, which are associated with chloroplasts, indicating different functions of these organelles.
Key Takeaways
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce independently, which reinforces the endosymbiotic theory.
- Biological studies often focus on the complex interactions and functions of different cellular structures critical for life processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular structures with these flashcards covering key organelles and their functions. Perfect for biology students studying eukaryotic and autotrophic cells. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of cellular biology!
