Biology Chapter 4: Bacteria and Archaea

Chapter 4: Bacteria and Archaea

• Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
• A microbiome is a community of microorganisms inhabiting a particular environment.
• Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Their phyla are diverse.
• Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane and have a thick peptidoglycan layer (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis). Their phyla are also diverse.
• Gram-positive and -negative bacteria display various morphologies (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and arrangements (strepto-, staphylo-).
• Deeply branching bacteria are ancient lineages with unique metabolic capabilities.
• Phototrophic bacteria utilize light energy for metabolism (e.g., cyanobacteria).
• Bacteria and Archaea differ in cell wall composition, membrane lipid structure, and ribosomal RNA sequences.
• Archaea are characterized by diverse phyla and genera with varying metabolisms, including methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.
• Atypical Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) have unusual cell wall structures.

Chapter 5: Protists and Fungi

• Six eukaryotic supergroups encompass the diversity of protists, each with distinct characteristics.
• Protists exhibit specialized structures for motility (flagella, cilia), feeding (pseudopodia), and defense.
• Notable protist pathogens have diverse transmission mechanisms (e.g., fecal-oral route, vector-borne transmission). Specific mechanisms vary by species.
• Helminth pathogens also have various transmission methods, often involving ingestion of eggs or larvae. Specific mechanisms vary by species.
• Fungi are classified into phyla based on their reproductive structures and characteristics.
• Generalized fungal reproduction involves spore formation and dispersal. Specific processes differ across fungal groups.
• Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

Chapter 6: Viruses

• Viruses are acellular entities with genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid). Some have an envelope.
• The lytic cycle results in viral replication and host cell lysis, while the lysogenic cycle involves viral genome integration into the host genome.
• Biological vectors are living organisms that transmit pathogens, while mechanical vectors are inanimate objects.
• General transduction transfers random bacterial genes, while specialized transduction transfers specific genes.
• Animal cell viral replication involves attachment, entry, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.

Explore the diverse world of bacteria and archaea in this quiz based on Chapter 4. Learn about symbiotic relationships, the microbiome, and the key differences between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Test your knowledge on their unique characteristics, morphology, and metabolic capabilities.