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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action of Praziquantel?
What is the mechanism of action of Praziquantel?
Which disease is caused by Ancylostoma duodenale?
Which disease is caused by Ancylostoma duodenale?
What type of reproduction is primarily seen in bacteria?
What type of reproduction is primarily seen in bacteria?
What is the infectious stage for Schistosoma?
What is the infectious stage for Schistosoma?
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Which route of transmission is associated with Enterobius vermicularis?
Which route of transmission is associated with Enterobius vermicularis?
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Which anthelminthic medication is effective against some tapeworms and flukes?
Which anthelminthic medication is effective against some tapeworms and flukes?
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What type of helminth is Taenia saginata?
What type of helminth is Taenia saginata?
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How is Fasciola hepatica usually transmitted to humans?
How is Fasciola hepatica usually transmitted to humans?
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Which of the following describes the primary role of helminths in the environment?
Which of the following describes the primary role of helminths in the environment?
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What is the function of the scolex in a tapeworm?
What is the function of the scolex in a tapeworm?
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Which structure is described as a larval stage of flukes that can infect the next host?
Which structure is described as a larval stage of flukes that can infect the next host?
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What type of reproductive organization do dioecious species exhibit?
What type of reproductive organization do dioecious species exhibit?
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What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole in treating protozoal infections?
What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole in treating protozoal infections?
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Which of the following best describes aminoquinolines and their application?
Which of the following best describes aminoquinolines and their application?
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What characteristic distinguishes nematodes from other worm types?
What characteristic distinguishes nematodes from other worm types?
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Which factor is a key differentiator between helminths and other eukaryotic organisms regarding their environmental role?
Which factor is a key differentiator between helminths and other eukaryotic organisms regarding their environmental role?
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Which of the following vectors is responsible for transmitting Lyme disease?
Which of the following vectors is responsible for transmitting Lyme disease?
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Which of these protozoal structures is involved in the reproductive process of creating multiple daughter cells?
Which of these protozoal structures is involved in the reproductive process of creating multiple daughter cells?
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What role do protozoa play in the environment?
What role do protozoa play in the environment?
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Which type of tick is associated with Ehrlichiosis?
Which type of tick is associated with Ehrlichiosis?
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Which structure is a protective dormant stage seen in many protozoa?
Which structure is a protective dormant stage seen in many protozoa?
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What type of mosquito is known for transmitting malaria?
What type of mosquito is known for transmitting malaria?
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What term refers to the lobe-like cytoplasmic extensions that enable movement in some protozoa?
What term refers to the lobe-like cytoplasmic extensions that enable movement in some protozoa?
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What is the defining characteristic of the trophozoite stage in protozoa?
What is the defining characteristic of the trophozoite stage in protozoa?
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Study Notes
Chapter 31: Fungi
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Fungi definition:
- Systemic: infection that spreads throughout the body
- Saprophytic: organism that feeds on decaying organic matter
- Septate hyphae: hyphae with cross walls
- Mycelium: main body of the fungus
- Coenocytic: hyphae that are multinucleate
- Pseudohyphae: chains of yeast cells that don't separate
- Sporangiospores: asexual spores produced inside a sac
- Dimorphic fungus: mold or yeast form depending on environment
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Contrast fungi with other eukaryotes and bacteria:
- Bacteria only: prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, unicellular
- Fungi only: eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, unicellular or multicellular, decomposers
- Both: can reproduce asexually, can be pathogenic, some produce antibiotics
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Identifying common fungal specimens:
- Look in the lab book, pages 322-324 for details.
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Medically important fungi and diseases/products:
- Candida: cutaneous, oral, vulvovaginal candidiasis
- Rhizopus: opportunistic mucormycosis
- Penicillium: opportunistic infections (rare)
- Trichophyton: dermatophytosis (ringworm, athlete's foot, nail infections)
- Penicillium: produces penicillin
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Mechanism of action and applications of antifungal medications:
- Miconazole: used to treat dermatophyte infections, candidiasis and topical fungal infections; available over-the-counter.
Chapter 32: Arthropods
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Arthropod terminology and structures:
- Molting: periodic shedding and regrowth of exoskeleton
- Invertebrate: animals lacking a backbone
- Vector: organism transmitting disease
- Chitin: found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods
- Ectoparasite: lives on the outside of a host
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Contrast arthropods with other eukaryotes and bacteria:
- Role in environment: pollinators, decomposers, predators, disease vectors
- Characteristics: segmented bodies, jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons
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Reproduction: sexual (mating), some parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction)
- Other eukaryotes: sexual and asexual reproduction, spore formation, some protists
- Bacteria: asexual (binary fission)
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Clinical importance of arthropods:
- Vectors: transmit pathogens
- Ectoparasites: transmit pathogens during feeding
- Other diseases: scabies, pediculosis, burrowing into skin
Chapter 33: Protozoa
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Protozoa terminology and structures:
- Pseudopodia: lobe-like cytoplasmic extensions for movement and feeding
- Mixotrophic: capable of both heterotrophy and autotrophy (photosynthesis)
- Schizogony: asexual reproduction producing multiple daughter cells at once
- Cyst stage: dormant, protective stage
- Trophozoite stage: actively feeding, reproducing stage
- Mitosome/Hydrogenosome/Axostyle/Undulating membrane: mitochondrial remnants and other structural components
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Contrast protozoa with other eukaryotes and bacteria: - Single-celled; have nucleus, flagella, cilia, or pseudopods for movement - Predators, recyclers, and parasites - Can reproduce sexually (like animals, plants) and asexually (like fungi, algae)
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Identifying common protozoal specimens:
- Look in lab book, pages 343-347 for details.
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Medically important protozoa and diseases:
- Entamoeba histolytica: amoebiasis (gastroenteritis)
- Giardia intestinalis: giardiasis
- Leishmania species: leishmaniasis (cutaneous/visceral)
- Plasmodium: malaria
- Trichomonas vaginalis: trichomoniasis
- Trypanosoma brucei/T. cruzi: African sleeping sickness/Chagas' disease
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Mechanism of action and applications of antiprotozoal medications:
- Metronidazole: damages DNA of anaerobically respiring protozoa
- Aminoquinolines: prevent parasite replication
- Pentamidine: interferes with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
Chapter 34: Helminths
-
Helminth terminology and structures:
- Scolex: anterior end of tapeworm with suckers/hooks
- Proglottids: segments of tapeworm with reproductive organs
- Miracidium/Cercariae: larval stages of flukes
- Nematode: roundworm
- Dioecious (separate sexes) / Monoecious (both sexes)
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Contrast helminths with other eukaryotes and bacteria:
- Role in environment: parasitic, harming hosts, influencing populations
- Characteristics: multicellular, macroscopic, specialized structures for parasitism
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Reproduction: sexual (dioecious or monoecious) or asexual stages, complex life cycles
- Other eukaryotes: can be unicellular or multicellular, includes plants and fungi; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycles
- Bacteria: primarily asexual (binary fission)
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Identifying common helminthic specimens: (details in the lab book)
-
Medically important helminths and diseases:
- Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica): Fascioliasis
- Blood fluke (Schistosoma): Schistosomiasis
- Tapeworm (Taenia): Taeniasis, Cysticercosis
- Nematode (Enterobius vermicularis): Enterobiasis
- Nematode (Ancylostoma duodenale): Ancylostomiasis
- Nematode (Ascaris lumbricoides): Ascariasis
-
Mechanism of action and applications of anthelminthic medications:
- Praziquantel: alters cell membrane permeability
- Albendazole/Mebendazole: inhibits microtubule formation affecting glucose uptake
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of fungi in this quiz based on Biology Chapter 31. Understand definitions, contrast fungi with other organisms, and identify medically important fungi and their associated diseases. Test your knowledge of fungal characteristics and significance in the ecosystem.
