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Questions and Answers
Which of the following processes requires energy (ATP)?
Which of the following processes requires energy (ATP)?
What best describes the direction of movement in active transport?
What best describes the direction of movement in active transport?
Which of the following is a characteristic of passive transport?
Which of the following is a characteristic of passive transport?
Which of the following accurately describes osmosis?
Which of the following accurately describes osmosis?
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What is the role of channel proteins in passive transport?
What is the role of channel proteins in passive transport?
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What is the primary reason that cells remain small?
What is the primary reason that cells remain small?
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What role do mitochondria serve in skeletal muscle cells?
What role do mitochondria serve in skeletal muscle cells?
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Which structure enables sperm cells to swim?
Which structure enables sperm cells to swim?
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What is a key feature of neurons that facilitates their function?
What is a key feature of neurons that facilitates their function?
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Which function does the cell membrane NOT perform?
Which function does the cell membrane NOT perform?
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What condition occurs when a cell becomes too large?
What condition occurs when a cell becomes too large?
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What adaptation do small intestine cells have to maximize nutrient absorption?
What adaptation do small intestine cells have to maximize nutrient absorption?
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Which of the following is not a component of the cell theory?
Which of the following is not a component of the cell theory?
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What role do cholesterol molecules play in the cell membrane?
What role do cholesterol molecules play in the cell membrane?
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Which type of protein would NOT allow the passage of ions or polar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer?
Which type of protein would NOT allow the passage of ions or polar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer?
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What happens when a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor protein?
What happens when a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor protein?
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Which type of transport involves proteins that change shape to allow molecules across the membrane?
Which type of transport involves proteins that change shape to allow molecules across the membrane?
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What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
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What is the main function of the sodium/potassium pump?
What is the main function of the sodium/potassium pump?
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What happens to a red blood cell placed in pure water?
What happens to a red blood cell placed in pure water?
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In which situation would the sodium/potassium pump decrease in activity?
In which situation would the sodium/potassium pump decrease in activity?
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What is the effect of placing a red blood cell in very salty water?
What is the effect of placing a red blood cell in very salty water?
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Which statement best describes active transport?
Which statement best describes active transport?
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What is the result of increasing the activity of the sodium/potassium pump?
What is the result of increasing the activity of the sodium/potassium pump?
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How many sodium ions are expelled for every two potassium ions imported by the sodium/potassium pump?
How many sodium ions are expelled for every two potassium ions imported by the sodium/potassium pump?
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What primarily controls the movement of water into and out of cells?
What primarily controls the movement of water into and out of cells?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
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Which cellular process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Which cellular process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
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What substance is produced as a waste product during aerobic cellular respiration?
What substance is produced as a waste product during aerobic cellular respiration?
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What occurs to pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
What occurs to pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
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What primary role does the nucleus serve in an animal cell?
What primary role does the nucleus serve in an animal cell?
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Which structure in the cell assists with movement and transporting materials such as eggs and mucus?
Which structure in the cell assists with movement and transporting materials such as eggs and mucus?
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During anaerobic metabolism, what byproduct accumulates that may cause muscle discomfort?
During anaerobic metabolism, what byproduct accumulates that may cause muscle discomfort?
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How do membrane-bound ribosomes differ from free ribosomes?
How do membrane-bound ribosomes differ from free ribosomes?
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What is the complete result of aerobic respiration starting from glucose?
What is the complete result of aerobic respiration starting from glucose?
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What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which type of energy source can proteins and fats be converted into for cellular use?
Which type of energy source can proteins and fats be converted into for cellular use?
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What process does the Golgi apparatus perform on the proteins it receives?
What process does the Golgi apparatus perform on the proteins it receives?
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What type of vesicles do lysosomes represent?
What type of vesicles do lysosomes represent?
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Which component is responsible for modifying proteins after they are synthesized?
Which component is responsible for modifying proteins after they are synthesized?
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Which of the following correctly describes the ribosome's relationship with mRNA?
Which of the following correctly describes the ribosome's relationship with mRNA?
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What role do nuclear pores play in relation to the nucleus?
What role do nuclear pores play in relation to the nucleus?
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Study Notes
Chapter 3: Cells
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Cells are the basic units of life, composing all living things and even their products (e.g., fingernails).
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Cells are small to maintain an adequate surface area to volume ratio. Larger cells have a slower exchange of materials with the surrounding environment, hindering metabolic activities.
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Small intestine cells have microvilli to dramatically increase surface area, improving nutrient absorption.
The Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of cells and/or cell products.
- Cells are the smallest unit of life possessing all its characteristics.
- All cells originate from pre-existing cells.
Interesting Cells in the Human Body
- Skeletal muscle cells: Contain numerous mitochondria, and stored glycogen used for ATP production, and specialized protein fibers (actin/myosin) for muscle contraction.
- Neurons: Generate and carry electrical signals over long distances (e.g., from toes to the spinal cord).
- Sperm cells: Unique among human cells with flagella; carry half the DNA of a male, moving to fertilise the female egg.
- Rod and cone cells: Located in the retina, these cells contain photopigments sensitive to light and are pivotal for sight.
Cell Transport
- Passive transport (diffusion): Movement of molecules or ions from high to low concentration, no energy required (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, water). Chemical gradient (high to low concentration) matters, H→L.
- Active transport: Movement of molecules or ions from low to high concentration, requires energy (ATP) (e.g., sodium/potassium pump). Chemical gradient (low to high concentration) matters, L→H.
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are bulk transport methods, requiring energy to move large particles in and out of cells.
Cell Membrane
- Phospholipid molecules form a lipid bilayer, where polar heads face water and hydrophobic tails face the interior.
- The cell membrane is comprised of phospholipid molecules and various proteins with diverse functions (e.g., transport, receptor).
- Cholesterol in the membrane contributes to membrane rigidity.
- Channel proteins regulate the entry and exit of specific polar molecules or ions, while transport proteins alter shape to enable the passage of molecules across the membrane. Gated channel proteins may remain open or close based on signals; receptor proteins bind non-steroid hormones to convey messages.
- Proteins, including receptor, channel, and gated channels/transport proteins are embedded in the cell membrane.
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane (like the cell membrane).
Cellular Respiration
- Outside the mitochondria (cytoplasm): Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules (anaerobic cellular respiration).
- In mitochondria: Pyruvate and oxygen interact for 34 ATP production (aerobic cellular respiration).
- Waste products from cellular respiration include CO2 and water.
- Overall: Potential energy from glucose is changed into potential energy in ATP and to kinetic energy for "work" in cells.
Anaerobic Metabolism
- Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid, which impacts cellular processes and can cause aches and muscle cramps.
Cell Structures
- Cilia: Small hair-like structures used by cells for movement.
- Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production through cellular respiration; critical for cellular functions.
Summary of Protein Production
- DNA produces mRNA which leaves the nucleus and joins a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
- The ribosome reads mRNA to form amino acid sequences, creating proteins.
- Membrane-bound ribosomes place the newly-made protein into the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Proteins are modified inside the endoplasmic reticulum and then in the Golgi apparatus.
- The protein may now be exported; some may become part of the cell's membrane, and others will remain within the cell.
Internal structures of Cells
- The notes describe the various parts, organelles and structures of an animal cell and their functions.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cells, the basic building blocks of life. This quiz covers the cell theory, various cell types, and their functions, including skeletal muscle cells, neurons, and sperm cells. Test your knowledge of how cellular structure impacts life processes.
