Biology Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following cell structures is not present in archaeal cells?

Ribosomes

Cell wall

Endospores (correct)

Cytoplasm

Which of the following cell structures is responsible for the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

The structure of the cell membrane

The presence of a nucleus

The presence of a cell wall

The composition of rRNA (correct)

What is the common characteristic shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

Presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Presence of a nucleus

Presence of a cytoplasmic membrane (correct)

Presence of linear chromosomes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

Presence of a single circular chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Colchicine is a drug that inhibits microtubule formation. Which of the following cellular processes would be directly affected by colchicine?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport utilizes a carrier protein to move a molecule across a membrane?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transport processes requires the cell to expend energy?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of group translocation?

Chemical modification of the transported molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for simple diffusion?

Concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance transported by active transport?

Sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution causes a cell to shrink?

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a process included in passive transport?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of life is NOT associated with viruses?

Growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotes are typically larger than prokaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the metabolism of viruses?

Viruses rely on the host cell for metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one feature that is common to both bacteria and archaea?

Lack of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the growth of bacteria and archaea?

Growth occurs in both groups. Signup and view all the answers

Viruses exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Dependence on host cells for replication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a feature that is unique to eukaryotic cells?

Presence of membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a bacterial capsule?

Prevents recognition by the host Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the flagella structure?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario do bacteria exhibit tumbling movement?

When changing direction during chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates the slime layer from the capsule in glycocalyces?

Water-solubility Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterial movement is facilitated by the rotation of flagella?

Propulsion Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is known to possess axial filaments?

Spirochetes Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is unique to bacteria regarding their flagella?

They can rotate in both directions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyces is false?

The capsule is loosely attached Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows bacteria to resist extreme conditions such as heat and radiation?

Endospores Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribosome is found in eukaryotic cells?

80S Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of glycocalyces in archaea?

Formation of biofilms Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates archaeal cell walls from those of bacteria?

Absence of peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotes?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

What are fimbriae and hami used for in archaea?

Attachment to surfaces Signup and view all the answers

When do vegetative cells of bacteria typically transform into endospores?

When multiple nutrients are limited Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell has a nucleus?

Eukaryotes Signup and view all the answers

What types of organelles are present in all eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria and lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to archaea?

Presence of hami Signup and view all the answers

How do the flagella of eukaryotic cells differ from those of bacteria?

Eukaryotic flagella are composed of a '9 + 2' arrangement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyx is true?

It is present as a capsule or slime layer in bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type does not have cilia?

Bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cell are fimbriae or pili found?

In both archaea and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What structure is present in some archaeal cells but absent in eukaryotic and bacterial cells?

Hami Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function

This chapter discusses the structure and function of cells, focusing on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The processes of life (growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism) are present in microbes (bacteria, archaea, and viruses) but differ in how they manifest in different types of microbes.
Microbes can react to environmental stimuli and reproduce by cell division to grow in number.
Bacteria and archaea have all the components for the processes of life. Viruses, however, rely on host cells.
Eukaryotic cells contain internal membrane-bound organelles, which are absent in prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (1.0µm in diameter or less) than eukaryotic cells (10-100µm in diameter).
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) lack a nucleus and make proteins simultaneously.
Prokaryotic cells lack internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes, unlike eukaryotic cells.
Glycocalyces (capsule and slime layer) are gelatinous, sticky substances surrounding bacterial cells. They are composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both and can protect bacteria from being recognized by the host.
Flagella are long structures that extend beyond the cell surface responsible for movement in bacteria.
The structure consists of filament, hook, and basal body.
Flagella arrangements: monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous, and axial filaments (endoflagella)
Fimbriae are sticky projections, shorter than flagella, used for attachment to surfaces and other cells.
Pili are special types of fimbriae, longer, and assist in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation).
Cell walls provide shape, structure, and protect bacterial cells from osmotic forces.
Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, but Gram-positive cells have a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan compared to Gram-negative cells. Gram-positive cell walls contain teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids. Mycolic acid is contained in acid-fast bacteria, which helps with survival through desiccation. Gram-negative cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer bilayer containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS can cause disease (fever, etc.).
Some bacteria lack cell walls.
Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes are phospholipid bilayers composed of lipids and associated proteins.
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure.
Function includes: controlling passage of substances into and out of the cell, harvesting light energy (in photosynthetic bacteria), selectively permeable, maintaining concentration and electrical gradients.
Passive transport processes in bacterial cells include: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Active transport processes in bacterial cells include: active transport, and group translocation.
The cytoplasm of bacteria contains cytosol (mostly water) and inclusions (reserve deposits of chemicals). Endospores are unique structures that some bacteria produce for defense against unfavorable conditions.
Eukaryotic cells have nonmembranous organelles (like ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, centrosome) and membranous organelles (like nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, and mitochondria, chloroplasts).
Endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells might have evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have glycocalyces that are not as organized as those in prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes have specific cell walls made of polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and/or glucomannan).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fascinating world of cell structure and function in this quiz based on Chapter 3. Understand the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their life processes, and how they interact with their environment. Test your knowledge on how these cells maintain metabolic activities and reproduce.