Biology Chapter 23: The Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What are the five functions of the respiratory system?

Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood, Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs, Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment, Produce sounds, Participates in olfactory sense.

Into what two systems is the respiratory system divided?

  • Middle and Lower Respiratory Systems
  • Upper and Lower Respiratory Systems (correct)
  • Upper and Middle Respiratory Systems

    • Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory system? (Select all that apply)

  • Bronchi
  • Pharynx (correct)
  • Nose (correct)
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Alveoli

    • What is the main difference between the conducting portion and the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

    <p>The conducting portion carries air to the lungs, while the respiratory portion provides the surface for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main structural components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

    <p>The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries that support elastic fibers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle cells that can change the diameter of these airways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary arteriole carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue makes up the alveolar epithelium?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of pneumocytes found in the alveoli?

    <p>Type II Pneumocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and making it easier to breathe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surfactant helps to keep the alveoli from collapsing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the relation between surface tension and alveolar collapse.

    <p>Surface tension, caused by the attraction of water molecules, tends to pull the alveoli inwards. Therefore, the absence of surfactant can lead to the collapse of alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major processes involved in respiration?

    <p>External Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does external respiration involve?

    <p>External respiration involves all the processes involved in exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three processes involved in external respiration?

    <p>Gas Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>The physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract which provides alveolar ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mechanism that drives pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Atmospheric Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Boyle's Law, and how does it relate to pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This law is crucial for pulmonary ventilation because when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, causing air to flow in during inhalation. Conversely, when the thoracic cavity volume decreases, the pressure inside the lungs increases, causing air to flow out during exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a confined gas, external pressure pushes the gas molecules closer together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of gas molecules exerts pressure on the container.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inspiration and expiration, and how are they related to breathing?

    <p>Inspiration is the process of inhaling air into the lungs, while expiration is the process of exhaling air out of the lungs. Together, inspiration and expiration make up one complete respiratory cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, and the pressure inside the lungs decreases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, and the pressure inside the lungs increases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lung compliance?

    <p>Lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affect lung compliance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrosis, a condition that stiffens the lungs, increases lung compliance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema, a condition that damages the alveoli and weakens the lungs, decreases lung compliance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal atmospheric pressure, expressed in millimeters of mercury and kilopascals?

    <p>1 atmosphere equals 760 mm Hg or 101.325 kPa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tidal volume?

    <p>Tidal volume is the amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory minute volume?

    <p>Respiratory minute volume refers to the total volume of air that is moved in and out of the lungs per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 23: The Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system has five main functions:
      • Providing a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood.
      • Moving air in and out of the lungs.
      • Protecting respiratory surfaces from the external environment.
      • Producing sounds.
      • Playing a role in the sense of smell.

    Organization of the Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is divided into:
      • Upper respiratory system (above the larynx): nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx.
      • Lower respiratory system (below the larynx): larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

    Respiratory Tract

    • The respiratory tract has a conducting and respiratory portion.
      • Conducting portion: from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles (responsible for transporting air)
      • Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (involved in the exchange of gases).

    Alveoli

    • Alveoli are air-filled pockets in the lungs.
    • Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.
    • Alveoli have a large surface area to increase the rate of diffusion.
    • Surrounded by capillaries, facilitating the exchange of gases with the blood.

    Alveolar Epithelium

    • Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
      • Type I pneumocytes: majority of gas exchange.
    • Type II pneumocytes: produce surfactant (a substance that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse)

    Respiratory Portion

    • Alveolar macrophages patrol the alveoli, removing dust and debris.

    Surfactant

    • An oily secretion that coats alveolar surfaces.
    • Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

    Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

    • Involves pressure changes.
    • Air flows from high pressure to low pressure.
    • Boyle's law describes the relationship between gas pressure and volume (P=1/V).
    • Changes in thoracic cavity volume cause pressure changes, leading to airflow.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Inhalation:
    • Diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic cavity volume and decreasing pressure.
    • Exhalation:
    • Diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure. Rib cage returns to original position.
    • Muscles like internal intercostals and abdominal muscles actively decrease thoracic volume during forced exhalation.

    Lung Measurements

    • Respiratory rates and volumes change in response to oxygen demands.
    • Measured using spirometry.
    • Measures pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary volumes, and capacities.
      • Tidal Volume (TV): the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during a quiet breath.
      • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal inspiration.
      • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.
      • Residual Volume (RV): the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

    Respiratory Performance and Volume Relationships

    • Volumes like Tidal, Inspiratory Reserve, Expiratory Reserve and Residual Volume are used to determine capacities:
      • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. (IC = IRV + TV)
      • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation. (FRC=ERV + RV)
      • Vital Capacity (VC): the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs. (VC= IRV + TV + ERV)
      • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): total volume of air that the lungs can hold.. (TLC = VC + RV)

    Gas Exchange

    • Occurs between the blood and alveolar air across the respiratory membrane.
    • Depends on partial pressures of gases and diffusion across the membrane.

    Gas Transport

    • Red blood cells (RBCs), particularly hemoglobin, are vital for transporting O2 and CO2.

    • Oxygen combines with hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), to be transported.

    • Carbon dioxide is transported in different ways like; as carbonic acid, bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in the plasma.

    Control of Respiration

    • Respiratory centers in the brain (medulla oblongata and pons) regulate breathing.
    • Chemoreceptors (in the carotid and aortic bodies, and central chemoreceptors), are sensitive to blood PCO2, PO2 levels and pH.
    • Adjusting respiratory rate and depth to maintain homeostasis.

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    Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 23: The Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    Explore the functions and organization of the respiratory system in this quiz. Learn about the upper and lower respiratory systems and the key roles of the respiratory tract and alveoli in gas exchange. Test your understanding with questions on this essential biological system.

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