Biology Chapter 23: Digestion Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells are not found in the gastric glands?

  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Goblet cells (correct)
  • Enteroendocrine cells

    • Digestive enzymes digest each other, allowing the amino acids to be absorbed and reused.

    True

    The enterogastric reflex regulates the _______________ phase of gastric activity.

    intestinal

    Before the blood carrying products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it first passes through capillary networks in...

    <p>the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following nutrients are absorbed by blood capillaries of the villus except...

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list has the tissue layers of the digestive tract in the correct order from lumen to external surface?

    <p>lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the water entering the digestive tract each day comes from...

    <p>gastrointestinal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to postmortem shrinkage, the small intestine is shorter in a cadaver than it is in a living person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to active transport, glucose can be absorbed from the chyme by means of...

    <p>solvent drag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SGLT, an active transport pump of the small intestine, can only absorb glucose by simultaneously transporting __.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The falciform ligament...

    <p>suspends the liver from the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these nutrients are absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following except ______ contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

    <p>rugae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes do not digest any nutrients?

    <p>Enterokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secreted by G cells of the gastric glands...

    <p>gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingested food raises the pH of the stomach contents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following glands secrete mainly mucus, except for...

    <p>Gastric glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An hepatic triad consists of...

    <p>a bile ductule and branches of the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enterogastric reflex serves to...

    <p>inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextrinase carries out one of the very final stages in the digestion of...

    <p>polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hepatic portal vein leads to what?

    <p>the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach lining is so well protected by mucus and tight junctions that its epithelial cells die at a very slow rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gastroileal reflex relaxes the ileocecal valve when the stomach is full of food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The swallowing center is located in...

    <p>the brainstem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following enzymes digest proteins except...

    <p>Ribonuclease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the following components of bile, only __________________ has/have a digestive function.

    <p>bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?

    <p>lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The esophagus pierces through the diaphragm at the ___________, and its submucosa contains _______________ glands that secrete mucus.

    <p>hiatus; esophageal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria-destroying macrophages are found in sinusoids of...

    <p>the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This tissue layer consists of a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen.

    <p>Submucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pepsin digests _____________ to _____________.

    <p>proteins; peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

    <p>the canine tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applies to the small intestine?

    <p>Most of the water absorption from the digestive tract occurs here</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

    <p>Digestion of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the goblet cells is to...

    <p>produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of muscle in the intestine directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the...

    <p>ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bulk of a tooth is composed of a bonelike material called dentin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic amylase cannot get to the small intestine via the...

    <p>cystic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

    <p>bile to be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion include...

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the junction of the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is an enlarged area called the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur most near to which part of the body?

    <p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanical process of digestion does not include...

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the:

    <p>Submucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?

    <p>It is longer than the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretin is a hormone that is liberated by the small intestinal mucosa in response to...

    <p>acidic chyme entering the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?

    <p>Enterogastric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the:

    <p>serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is:

    <p>bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin is the:

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tooth structure includes:

    <p>a thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum is controlled by:

    <p>the sphincter of Oddi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food that is stored in the fundus of the stomach often remains in storage for up to 7 hours before being mixed with the powerful gastric juices secreted by the cells of the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as:

    <p>2 to 3 liters of gastric juice per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?

    <p>the submucosa layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system.

    <p>hepatic portal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group?

    <p>gap junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?

    <p>segmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What control mechanism opens the gastroesophageal sphincter?

    <p>peristalsis in the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitute a portal triad?

    <p>bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?

    <p>The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.

    <p>liver; secretin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?

    <p>goblet cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes a lacteal?

    <p>a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

    <p>mass movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?

    <p>water absorption and feces elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood capillary located in this sublayer is uniquely suited for absorption of nutrient material?

    <p>fenestrated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System Overview

    • Goblet cells are not present in gastric glands, which primarily have parietal and chief cells.
    • Digestive enzymes can digest each other, allowing amino acids to be absorbed and reused efficiently.

    Gastric and Intestinal Phases

    • The enterogastric reflex regulates the intestinal phase of gastric activity, inhibiting gastric motility when chyme is present in the small intestine.
    • The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises, stimulating gastric acid production.

    Nutrient Absorption

    • Blood capillaries in the villus absorb nutrients, but cholesterol is absorbed by lymphatic vessels called lacteals.
    • Triglycerides are primarily taken up by lacteals in the small intestine for lipid absorption.
    • Solvent drag aids in glucose absorption alongside active transport.

    Digestive Enzymes and Hormones

    • Enterokinase does not digest nutrients; it activates digestive enzymes.
    • Pancreatic amylase cannot reach the small intestine via the cystic duct; it travels through the main pancreatic duct.
    • Secretin, produced in the small intestine, assists in regulating gastric secretion in response to acidic chyme.

    Anatomy of the Digestive Tract

    • The layers of the digestive tract from lumen to the external surface are: lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
    • The submucosa contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and may include glands for lubrication.
    • The liver has a unique structure with lobules composed of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and central veins for blood filtration.

    Digestion Processes

    • Pepsin digests proteins into peptides, functioning best in acidic conditions.
    • The small intestine is primarily responsible for water absorption and nutrient digestion.
    • Bile salts, found in bile, have a crucial role in lipid emulsification.

    Unique Features and Reflexes

    • The swallowing center located in the brainstem coordinates the process of deglutition (swallowing).
    • The gastroileal reflex relaxes the ileocecal valve when the stomach is full, allowing material passage to the large intestine.

    Teeth and Oral Function

    • The dental formula 2-1-2-3 indicates the number of each type of tooth, with "1" standing for the canine.
    • Deciduous teeth are the first to appear in infants, followed by permanent teeth later in life.

    Various Digestive Actions

    • Mass movements in the colon propel food residue several times a day, indicating the efficiency of this segment in waste elimination.
    • The presence of gap junctions in smooth muscle allows coordinated contraction in hollow organs.

    General Functions

    • The primary physiological function of the large intestine is to absorb water and eliminate feces.
    • The liver plays a critical role in bile secretion under the influence of hormones like secretin, facilitating fat digestion in the small intestine.

    Myths and Facts

    • The small intestine in a living person is longer than in a cadaver due to muscle tone, countering the misconception of postmortem shrinkage.
    • Despite being well-protected by mucus, the stomach's epithelial cells have a short lifespan of three to six days due to constant wear from digestive processes.

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    Test your knowledge on Chapter 23 of Biology, focusing on digestion and its processes. The quiz includes key concepts related to gastric glands, digestive enzymes, and reflexes that regulate gastric activity. Perfect for reinforcing what you've learned in class.

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