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Questions and Answers
Which of the following cells are not found in the gastric glands?
Which of the following cells are not found in the gastric glands?
- Chief cells
- Parietal cells
- Goblet cells (correct)
- Enteroendocrine cells
Digestive enzymes digest each other, allowing the amino acids to be absorbed and reused.
Digestive enzymes digest each other, allowing the amino acids to be absorbed and reused.
True (A)
The enterogastric reflex regulates the _______________ phase of gastric activity.
The enterogastric reflex regulates the _______________ phase of gastric activity.
intestinal
Before the blood carrying products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it first passes through capillary networks in...
Before the blood carrying products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it first passes through capillary networks in...
All of the following nutrients are absorbed by blood capillaries of the villus except...
All of the following nutrients are absorbed by blood capillaries of the villus except...
Which list has the tissue layers of the digestive tract in the correct order from lumen to external surface?
Which list has the tissue layers of the digestive tract in the correct order from lumen to external surface?
Most of the water entering the digestive tract each day comes from...
Most of the water entering the digestive tract each day comes from...
Due to postmortem shrinkage, the small intestine is shorter in a cadaver than it is in a living person.
Due to postmortem shrinkage, the small intestine is shorter in a cadaver than it is in a living person.
In addition to active transport, glucose can be absorbed from the chyme by means of...
In addition to active transport, glucose can be absorbed from the chyme by means of...
SGLT, an active transport pump of the small intestine, can only absorb glucose by simultaneously transporting __.
SGLT, an active transport pump of the small intestine, can only absorb glucose by simultaneously transporting __.
The falciform ligament...
The falciform ligament...
Which of these nutrients are absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Which of these nutrients are absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
All of the following except ______ contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
All of the following except ______ contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
Which of the following enzymes do not digest any nutrients?
Which of the following enzymes do not digest any nutrients?
Secreted by G cells of the gastric glands...
Secreted by G cells of the gastric glands...
Ingested food raises the pH of the stomach contents.
Ingested food raises the pH of the stomach contents.
All of the following glands secrete mainly mucus, except for...
All of the following glands secrete mainly mucus, except for...
An hepatic triad consists of...
An hepatic triad consists of...
The enterogastric reflex serves to...
The enterogastric reflex serves to...
Dextrinase carries out one of the very final stages in the digestion of...
Dextrinase carries out one of the very final stages in the digestion of...
The hepatic portal vein leads to what?
The hepatic portal vein leads to what?
The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises.
The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises.
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
The stomach lining is so well protected by mucus and tight junctions that its epithelial cells die at a very slow rate.
The stomach lining is so well protected by mucus and tight junctions that its epithelial cells die at a very slow rate.
The gastroileal reflex relaxes the ileocecal valve when the stomach is full of food.
The gastroileal reflex relaxes the ileocecal valve when the stomach is full of food.
The swallowing center is located in...
The swallowing center is located in...
All of the following enzymes digest proteins except...
All of the following enzymes digest proteins except...
Of the following components of bile, only __________________ has/have a digestive function.
Of the following components of bile, only __________________ has/have a digestive function.
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
The esophagus pierces through the diaphragm at the ___________, and its submucosa contains _______________ glands that secrete mucus.
The esophagus pierces through the diaphragm at the ___________, and its submucosa contains _______________ glands that secrete mucus.
Bacteria-destroying macrophages are found in sinusoids of...
Bacteria-destroying macrophages are found in sinusoids of...
This tissue layer consists of a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen.
This tissue layer consists of a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the lumen.
Pepsin digests _____________ to _____________.
Pepsin digests _____________ to _____________.
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.
The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
Which of the following applies to the small intestine?
Which of the following applies to the small intestine?
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
The function of the goblet cells is to...
The function of the goblet cells is to...
The layer of muscle in the intestine directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer.
The layer of muscle in the intestine directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer.
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the...
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the...
The bulk of a tooth is composed of a bonelike material called dentin.
The bulk of a tooth is composed of a bonelike material called dentin.
Pancreatic amylase cannot get to the small intestine via the...
Pancreatic amylase cannot get to the small intestine via the...
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion include...
Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion include...
At the junction of the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is an enlarged area called the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
At the junction of the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is an enlarged area called the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins.
The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins.
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur most near to which part of the body?
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur most near to which part of the body?
The mechanical process of digestion does not include...
The mechanical process of digestion does not include...
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the:
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the:
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?
Secretin is a hormone that is liberated by the small intestinal mucosa in response to...
Secretin is a hormone that is liberated by the small intestinal mucosa in response to...
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.
The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the:
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the:
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is:
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is:
The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin is the:
The site of production of secretin and cholecystokinin is the:
Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
Tooth structure includes:
Tooth structure includes:
The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
The entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum is controlled by:
The entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum is controlled by:
Food that is stored in the fundus of the stomach often remains in storage for up to 7 hours before being mixed with the powerful gastric juices secreted by the cells of the stomach.
Food that is stored in the fundus of the stomach often remains in storage for up to 7 hours before being mixed with the powerful gastric juices secreted by the cells of the stomach.
Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as:
Under normal conditions, the gastric mucosa pours out as much as:
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system.
The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system.
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group?
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group?
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
What control mechanism opens the gastroesophageal sphincter?
What control mechanism opens the gastroesophageal sphincter?
Which of the following constitute a portal triad?
Which of the following constitute a portal triad?
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?
Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.
Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
What type of blood capillary located in this sublayer is uniquely suited for absorption of nutrient material?
What type of blood capillary located in this sublayer is uniquely suited for absorption of nutrient material?
Study Notes
Digestive System Overview
- Goblet cells are not present in gastric glands, which primarily have parietal and chief cells.
- Digestive enzymes can digest each other, allowing amino acids to be absorbed and reused efficiently.
Gastric and Intestinal Phases
- The enterogastric reflex regulates the intestinal phase of gastric activity, inhibiting gastric motility when chyme is present in the small intestine.
- The stomach secretes gastrin when its internal pH rises, stimulating gastric acid production.
Nutrient Absorption
- Blood capillaries in the villus absorb nutrients, but cholesterol is absorbed by lymphatic vessels called lacteals.
- Triglycerides are primarily taken up by lacteals in the small intestine for lipid absorption.
- Solvent drag aids in glucose absorption alongside active transport.
Digestive Enzymes and Hormones
- Enterokinase does not digest nutrients; it activates digestive enzymes.
- Pancreatic amylase cannot reach the small intestine via the cystic duct; it travels through the main pancreatic duct.
- Secretin, produced in the small intestine, assists in regulating gastric secretion in response to acidic chyme.
Anatomy of the Digestive Tract
- The layers of the digestive tract from lumen to the external surface are: lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
- The submucosa contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and may include glands for lubrication.
- The liver has a unique structure with lobules composed of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and central veins for blood filtration.
Digestion Processes
- Pepsin digests proteins into peptides, functioning best in acidic conditions.
- The small intestine is primarily responsible for water absorption and nutrient digestion.
- Bile salts, found in bile, have a crucial role in lipid emulsification.
Unique Features and Reflexes
- The swallowing center located in the brainstem coordinates the process of deglutition (swallowing).
- The gastroileal reflex relaxes the ileocecal valve when the stomach is full, allowing material passage to the large intestine.
Teeth and Oral Function
- The dental formula 2-1-2-3 indicates the number of each type of tooth, with "1" standing for the canine.
- Deciduous teeth are the first to appear in infants, followed by permanent teeth later in life.
Various Digestive Actions
- Mass movements in the colon propel food residue several times a day, indicating the efficiency of this segment in waste elimination.
- The presence of gap junctions in smooth muscle allows coordinated contraction in hollow organs.
General Functions
- The primary physiological function of the large intestine is to absorb water and eliminate feces.
- The liver plays a critical role in bile secretion under the influence of hormones like secretin, facilitating fat digestion in the small intestine.
Myths and Facts
- The small intestine in a living person is longer than in a cadaver due to muscle tone, countering the misconception of postmortem shrinkage.
- Despite being well-protected by mucus, the stomach's epithelial cells have a short lifespan of three to six days due to constant wear from digestive processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 23 of Biology, focusing on digestion and its processes. The quiz includes key concepts related to gastric glands, digestive enzymes, and reflexes that regulate gastric activity. Perfect for reinforcing what you've learned in class.
