Biology Chapter 22: Nucleic Acids
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Questions and Answers

What are exact replicas, have information on how to make new cells, are responsible for such information, found in nucleus and are acidic in nature, and are polymers with monomers that are nucleotides?

Cells in an organism.

Which type of nucleic acid contains deoxyribose?

DNA

What are known as the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

<p>Pentose sugar, phosphate group, and heterocyclic base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribose is present in DNA.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heterocyclic bases is found only in RNA?

<p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third component of a nucleotide?

<p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fully dissociated form of phosphoric acid under cellular pH conditions?

<p>Hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To which carbon of the pentose sugar is the base attached?

<p>C-1'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of a nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, adenine, and a phosphate group?

<p>Deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the repeating sugar-phosphate backbone found in all nucleic acids?

<p>Nucleic acid backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sugars in DNA and RNA are identical.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid determined by?

<p>The sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phosphodiester bond in a nucleic acid connects the 3' and 5' carbons of adjacent sugar molecules.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction in which the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is read?

<p>From 5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the secondary structure in DNA?

<p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

<p>Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a set of bases on one polynucleotide that are complementary to the bases on the other polynucleotide?

<p>Complementary bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves?

<p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA polymerase can only function in the 3'-to-5' direction.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lagging strand grows in segments.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which large DNA molecules interact with histone proteins to fold long DNA molecules?

<p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells of all organisms have the same number of chromosomes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule?

<p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sugar unit in RNA is deoxyribose

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA is a double-stranded molecule.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA molecules are smaller than DNA molecules.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the post-transcriptional processing step that removes introns and joins exons?

<p>Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome?

<p>Transcriptome</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic code is universal, meaning it is exactly the same in all organisms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The existence of "stop" codons suggests the existence of "start" codons.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initiation codon?

<p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stop codons?

<p>UAG, UAA, and UGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA molecule serves as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis?

<p>tRNA (transfer RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA?

<p>Anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the rRNA-protein complex that serves as the site of protein synthesis?

<p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ribosome is a DNA catalyst.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initiation of protein synthesis begins with the binding of mRNA to the large ribosomal subunit.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site in the ribosome where the first codon (initiating codon AUG) of mRNA initially binds?

<p>P site (peptidyl site)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site in the ribosome that is adjacent to the P site and is the binding site for the next tRNA carrying the appropriate anticodon

<p>A site (aminoacyl site)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The polypeptide chain grows via translocation in the 3'-to-5' direction .

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that gives the protein its final form and functionality?

<p>Post-translational processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes?

<p>Polysome (polyribosome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Several ribosomes can move simultaneously along a single mRNA molecule.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for an error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication, transcription, or protein synthesis?

<p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutagens can cause changes in the structure of a gene.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrites can convert cytosine to uracil.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for tiny disease-causing agents that have an outer protein envelope and an inner nucleic acid core?

<p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can reproduce outside of their host cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for DNA molecules that have been synthesized by splicing a sequence of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism?

<p>Recombinant DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the field of study that involves biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a "foreign" gene to a host organism?

<p>Genetic engineering (biotechnology)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial strains like E. coli are often used in genetic engineering because they can carry plasmids.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence?

<p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four components needed for PCR?

<p>Source of gene to be copied, thermostable DNA polymerase, deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP), and a set of two oligonucleotides with complementary sequence to the gene (primers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule or a portion of it

<p>DNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA sequencing was discovered in 1977 by Fredrick Sanger.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic steps involved in DNA sequencing?

<p>Cleavage of DNA using restriction enzymes, separation into individual components, separation into single strands, and synthesis using 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA sequencing is routinely used in research, diagnostics, and forensics.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 22: Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids are molecules responsible for storing cellular information
  • Two types of nucleic acids exist: DNA and RNA
  • Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a heterocyclic base
  • DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose
  • Bases in DNA include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (A, G, C, T)
  • RNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (A, G, C, U)
  • The sugar-phosphate groups form the backbone of nucleic acids
  • The primary structure of nucleic acids is the sequence of nucleotides
  • DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands
  • Complementary base pairing (A with T, G with C) holds the DNA strands together
  • DNA replication is a semi-conservative process
  • DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • DNA replication occurs at multiple sites within the DNA molecule
  • Multiple-site replication enables rapid DNA synthesis
  • Replication forks are the areas of DNA synthesis during replication
  • Multiple sites of replication enable rapid synthesis
  • Chromosomes are the structures that house DNA
  • Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone proteins
  • Different organisms have a different number of chromosomes
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs
  • Protein synthesis occurs in two major stages: transcription and translation
  • Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA
  • mRNA is a single-stranded molecule
  • mRNA carries the genetic code to the ribosomes
  • Translation is the process of using mRNA to synthesize proteins on ribosomes
  • Ribosomes are complex structures of rRNA and proteins, which carry out protein synthesis
  • tRNA is a type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome
  • The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how codons in mRNA translate into amino acids
  • Codons are three-nucleotide sequences
  • Each codon specifies a particular amino acid
  • The genetic code is nearly universal across most life forms
  • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence
  • Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by environmental factors
  • Mutations can lead to changes in the protein sequence
  • Mutations can have a significant impact on organisms
  • Mutagens are substances that increase the rate of mutations
  • Viruses are disease-causing agents
  • Viruses contain a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat
  • Viruses can not reproduce outside host cells
  • Viruses replicate by invading host cells and causing the host cells to manufacture viral components
  • Vaccines are used to create immunity to viral infections
  • Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA sequences from different organisms
  • This technology allows for the production of proteins by bacteria that are not normally produced by bacteria

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Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids in this quiz based on Biology Chapter 22. Learn about the structure and function of DNA and RNA, their nucleotide composition, and the processes of DNA replication. Test your understanding of how these molecules store and transmit genetic information.

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