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Questions and Answers
What are exact replicas, have information on how to make new cells, are responsible for such information, found in nucleus and are acidic in nature, and are polymers with monomers that are nucleotides?
What are exact replicas, have information on how to make new cells, are responsible for such information, found in nucleus and are acidic in nature, and are polymers with monomers that are nucleotides?
Cells in an organism.
Which type of nucleic acid contains deoxyribose?
Which type of nucleic acid contains deoxyribose?
DNA
What are known as the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What are known as the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Ribose is present in DNA.
Ribose is present in DNA.
Which of the following heterocyclic bases is found only in RNA?
Which of the following heterocyclic bases is found only in RNA?
What is the third component of a nucleotide?
What is the third component of a nucleotide?
What is the fully dissociated form of phosphoric acid under cellular pH conditions?
What is the fully dissociated form of phosphoric acid under cellular pH conditions?
To which carbon of the pentose sugar is the base attached?
To which carbon of the pentose sugar is the base attached?
What is the name of a nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, adenine, and a phosphate group?
What is the name of a nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, adenine, and a phosphate group?
What is the name for the repeating sugar-phosphate backbone found in all nucleic acids?
What is the name for the repeating sugar-phosphate backbone found in all nucleic acids?
The sugars in DNA and RNA are identical.
The sugars in DNA and RNA are identical.
What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid determined by?
What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid determined by?
The phosphodiester bond in a nucleic acid connects the 3' and 5' carbons of adjacent sugar molecules.
The phosphodiester bond in a nucleic acid connects the 3' and 5' carbons of adjacent sugar molecules.
What is the direction in which the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is read?
What is the direction in which the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is read?
What is the name of the secondary structure in DNA?
What is the name of the secondary structure in DNA?
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
What is the term for a set of bases on one polynucleotide that are complementary to the bases on the other polynucleotide?
What is the term for a set of bases on one polynucleotide that are complementary to the bases on the other polynucleotide?
What is the process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves?
What is the process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves?
DNA polymerase can only function in the 3'-to-5' direction.
DNA polymerase can only function in the 3'-to-5' direction.
The lagging strand grows in segments.
The lagging strand grows in segments.
What is the name of the process by which large DNA molecules interact with histone proteins to fold long DNA molecules?
What is the name of the process by which large DNA molecules interact with histone proteins to fold long DNA molecules?
Cells of all organisms have the same number of chromosomes.
Cells of all organisms have the same number of chromosomes.
What is the name of the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules?
What is the name of the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules?
What is the name of the process by which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule?
What is the name of the process by which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule?
The sugar unit in RNA is deoxyribose
The sugar unit in RNA is deoxyribose
RNA is a double-stranded molecule.
RNA is a double-stranded molecule.
RNA molecules are smaller than DNA molecules.
RNA molecules are smaller than DNA molecules.
What is the post-transcriptional processing step that removes introns and joins exons?
What is the post-transcriptional processing step that removes introns and joins exons?
What is the term for all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome?
What is the term for all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome?
The genetic code is universal, meaning it is exactly the same in all organisms.
The genetic code is universal, meaning it is exactly the same in all organisms.
The existence of "stop" codons suggests the existence of "start" codons.
The existence of "stop" codons suggests the existence of "start" codons.
What is the initiation codon?
What is the initiation codon?
What are the three stop codons?
What are the three stop codons?
What type of RNA molecule serves as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis?
What type of RNA molecule serves as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis?
What is the three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA?
What is the three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA?
What is the name of the rRNA-protein complex that serves as the site of protein synthesis?
What is the name of the rRNA-protein complex that serves as the site of protein synthesis?
The ribosome is a DNA catalyst.
The ribosome is a DNA catalyst.
The mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome.
The mRNA binds to the large subunit of the ribosome.
The initiation of protein synthesis begins with the binding of mRNA to the large ribosomal subunit.
The initiation of protein synthesis begins with the binding of mRNA to the large ribosomal subunit.
What is the site in the ribosome where the first codon (initiating codon AUG) of mRNA initially binds?
What is the site in the ribosome where the first codon (initiating codon AUG) of mRNA initially binds?
What is the site in the ribosome that is adjacent to the P site and is the binding site for the next tRNA carrying the appropriate anticodon
What is the site in the ribosome that is adjacent to the P site and is the binding site for the next tRNA carrying the appropriate anticodon
The polypeptide chain grows via translocation in the 3'-to-5' direction .
The polypeptide chain grows via translocation in the 3'-to-5' direction .
What is the process that gives the protein its final form and functionality?
What is the process that gives the protein its final form and functionality?
What is the name for a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes?
What is the name for a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes?
Several ribosomes can move simultaneously along a single mRNA molecule.
Several ribosomes can move simultaneously along a single mRNA molecule.
What is the name for an error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication, transcription, or protein synthesis?
What is the name for an error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication, transcription, or protein synthesis?
Mutagens can cause changes in the structure of a gene.
Mutagens can cause changes in the structure of a gene.
Nitrites can convert cytosine to uracil.
Nitrites can convert cytosine to uracil.
What is the name for tiny disease-causing agents that have an outer protein envelope and an inner nucleic acid core?
What is the name for tiny disease-causing agents that have an outer protein envelope and an inner nucleic acid core?
Viruses can reproduce outside of their host cells.
Viruses can reproduce outside of their host cells.
Viruses inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell.
Viruses inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell.
What is the name for DNA molecules that have been synthesized by splicing a sequence of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism?
What is the name for DNA molecules that have been synthesized by splicing a sequence of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism?
What is the name of the field of study that involves biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a "foreign" gene to a host organism?
What is the name of the field of study that involves biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a "foreign" gene to a host organism?
Bacterial strains like E. coli are often used in genetic engineering because they can carry plasmids.
Bacterial strains like E. coli are often used in genetic engineering because they can carry plasmids.
What is the name of the method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence?
What is the name of the method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence?
What are the four components needed for PCR?
What are the four components needed for PCR?
What is the name of the method used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule or a portion of it
What is the name of the method used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule or a portion of it
DNA sequencing was discovered in 1977 by Fredrick Sanger.
DNA sequencing was discovered in 1977 by Fredrick Sanger.
What are the four basic steps involved in DNA sequencing?
What are the four basic steps involved in DNA sequencing?
DNA sequencing is routinely used in research, diagnostics, and forensics.
DNA sequencing is routinely used in research, diagnostics, and forensics.
Flashcards
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store and transfer genetic information in cells.
DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; stores genetic information.
RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid; used to synthesize proteins.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
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Pentose Sugar
Pentose Sugar
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Phosphate Group
Phosphate Group
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Heterocyclic Base
Heterocyclic Base
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DNA Structure
DNA Structure
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Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
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Replication of DNA
Replication of DNA
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DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
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Okazaki Fragments
Okazaki Fragments
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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mRNA
mRNA
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tRNA
tRNA
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Codons
Codons
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Mutations
Mutations
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Mutagens
Mutagens
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Viruses
Viruses
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Vaccines
Vaccines
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing
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Study Notes
Chapter 22: Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are molecules responsible for storing cellular information
- Two types of nucleic acids exist: DNA and RNA
- Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides
- Nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a heterocyclic base
- DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose
- Bases in DNA include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (A, G, C, T)
- RNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (A, G, C, U)
- The sugar-phosphate groups form the backbone of nucleic acids
- The primary structure of nucleic acids is the sequence of nucleotides
- DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands
- Complementary base pairing (A with T, G with C) holds the DNA strands together
- DNA replication is a semi-conservative process
- DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication
- DNA replication occurs at multiple sites within the DNA molecule
- Multiple-site replication enables rapid DNA synthesis
- Replication forks are the areas of DNA synthesis during replication
- Multiple sites of replication enable rapid synthesis
- Chromosomes are the structures that house DNA
- Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone proteins
- Different organisms have a different number of chromosomes
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs
- Protein synthesis occurs in two major stages: transcription and translation
- Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA
- mRNA is a single-stranded molecule
- mRNA carries the genetic code to the ribosomes
- Translation is the process of using mRNA to synthesize proteins on ribosomes
- Ribosomes are complex structures of rRNA and proteins, which carry out protein synthesis
- tRNA is a type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome
- The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how codons in mRNA translate into amino acids
- Codons are three-nucleotide sequences
- Each codon specifies a particular amino acid
- The genetic code is nearly universal across most life forms
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence
- Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by environmental factors
- Mutations can lead to changes in the protein sequence
- Mutations can have a significant impact on organisms
- Mutagens are substances that increase the rate of mutations
- Viruses are disease-causing agents
- Viruses contain a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat
- Viruses can not reproduce outside host cells
- Viruses replicate by invading host cells and causing the host cells to manufacture viral components
- Vaccines are used to create immunity to viral infections
- Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA sequences from different organisms
- This technology allows for the production of proteins by bacteria that are not normally produced by bacteria
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids in this quiz based on Biology Chapter 22. Learn about the structure and function of DNA and RNA, their nucleotide composition, and the processes of DNA replication. Test your understanding of how these molecules store and transmit genetic information.
