Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thymus?
Natural killer cells are part of adaptive immunity.
False
What are the two types of immunity recognized in the immune system?
Nonspecific (innate) and specific (adaptive) immunity
The __________ produce antibodies in response to antigens.
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Which type of phagocyte is the first responder to sites of infection?
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Match the following immune cells with their primary role:
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Memory B cells are involved in the primary immune response.
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What are the two main types of lymphatic organs?
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The __________ response is characterized by increased body temperature as a defense mechanism.
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Which of the following best describes the primary function of the lymphatic system?
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Lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent backflow of lymph.
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What are the primary lymphatic organs?
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The ______ is a secondary lymphatic organ that filters blood and helps in immune response.
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Match the following immune cells with their primary roles:
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune response?
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Memory T cells are responsible for immediate responses to previously encountered antigens.
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What are the five classes of antibodies?
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The thoracic duct drains lymph from the ______ side of the body.
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Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for humoral immunity?
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System Overview
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Lymphatic Cells:
- MALT includes Peyer's patches, tonsils, and appendix; essential for monitoring pathogens.
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Lymphatic Organs:
- Primary: Red bone marrow (site of B cell maturation), thymus (site of T cell maturation).
- Secondary: Lymph nodes (filter lymph, activate immune response), spleen (filters blood, stores lymphocytes).
Functions of Immune System Cells
- Neutrophils: First responders to infection, primarily phagocytic.
- Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells that present antigens.
- Macrophages: Phagocytosis and antigen presentation, crucial for activating T cells.
- Eosinophils: Attack parasites and participate in allergic responses.
- Natural Killer Cells: Identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
- Basophils & Mast Cells: Release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions.
- B Cells: Develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies; also form memory B cells.
- Plasma Cells: Produce large quantities of antibodies.
- Cytotoxic T Cells: Target and destroy infected or abnormal cells.
- Helper T Cells: Assist in the activation and functioning of B cells and other T cells.
- Memory T Cells: Provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections.
- Antigen-Presenting Cells: Present antigens to activate T cells, can be macrophages or dendritic cells.
Nonspecific Defenses (Innate Immunity)
- Physical Barriers: Skin and mucous membranes prevent pathogen entry.
- Phagocytes: Engage in phagocytosis to eliminate pathogens.
- Non-Phagocytes: Includes cells like NK cells that destroy cells without engulfing.
- Antimicrobial Proteins: Proteins that inhibit microbial growth, e.g., interferons and complement proteins.
- Inflammatory Response: Localized response to injury/infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- Fever: Elevated body temperature that enhances immune response.
Specific Defenses (Adaptive Immunity)
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Cell-Mediated Immunity: T cells specifically target and destroy infected cells, cancerous cells, and regulate immune responses.
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T Cell Development: Involves recognition of antigens via specific receptors; include Class I (on all nucleated cells) and Class II MHC (on professional APCs).
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Activation of T Cells: Recognized by corresponding antigen, leading to proliferation and differentiation into various functional T cells.
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Roles of T Cells:
- CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells: Directly attack infected or cancerous cells.
- CD4 Helper T Cells: Facilitate B cell and other T cell activation through signaling.
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Humoral Immunity: B cells target pathogens in bodily fluids, crucial for antibody production.
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Antibodies (Immunoglobulins): Five classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) with distinct roles and mechanisms of action against pathogens.
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B Cell Development: Occurs in bone marrow, leading to the formation of antigen receptors; includes activation process involving clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells.
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Responses:
- Primary Response: Initial antibody production upon first exposure to an antigen.
- Secondary Response: Faster, stronger response upon re-exposure due to memory B cells.
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Passive vs. Active Humoral Immunity:
- Active: Body creates antibodies through response to infection or vaccination.
- Passive: Antibodies acquired from another source, e.g., mother to infant.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 21 of biology, which covers the immune system and lymphatic system cells and organs. Test your knowledge on the functions of lymphatic cells, including MALT and various lymphatic organs, as well as the roles of immune system cells like neutrophils and macrophages.
