Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a hypothesis in scientific research?

The process of analyzing data after an experiment

A reliable source of experimental data

A detailed summary of experimental results

A proposed explanation for an observation based on evidence (correct)

Which variable in an experiment is known to change as a result of the independent variable?

Constant variable

Extraneous variable

Control variable

Dependent variable (correct)

Which of the following best describes the control group in an experiment?

The variable that is manipulated

A group that is subjected to all experimental conditions

The primary variable being tested

A group not changed and used as a benchmark (correct)

Which characteristic of life involves an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight characteristics of life?

Creates New Energy Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairs with Adenine in RNA?

Uracil Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA replication produce?

Two identical DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

It carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation is most likely to shift the entire amino acid sequence?

Frameshift Mutation Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell division produces four genetically different cells?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA synthesis?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What effect does crossing over have during meiosis?

Increases genetic variation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cancerous cells?

Cells exhibit uncontrolled growth Signup and view all the answers

What does nondisjunction result in?

Genetic diseases due to abnormal chromosome numbers Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule plays a structural role in the ribosome?

rRNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are created through meiosis?

Gametes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

Create antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which component is crucial to the concept of passive immunity?

Antibodies from another organism Signup and view all the answers

What do phylogenetic trees illustrate?

Evolutionary relationships from a common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organisms is classified as a virus?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of pathogens?

They may resist treatment or vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cladograms is true?

They show evolutionary relationships based on derived traits Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is triggered by vaccinations?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes proteins that have had their shape altered?

Denatured Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule carries oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of enzymes?

Speed up chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes requires oxygen to release energy?

Aerobic Respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

Lactic Acid or Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are typically produced during anaerobic respiration?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cells?

Energy storage and transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the uptake of water and carbon dioxide by plants?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which bacteria and protists take in gases?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an autotroph?

An organism that produces its own food Signup and view all the answers

What type of fertilization do most mammals utilize?

Internal fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is an example of an innate behavior?

Hibernation during winter months Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth pattern is characterized by a maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support?

Logistic growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to a decrease in population size?

Natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of acid rain on ecosystems?

Death of trees in mountains Signup and view all the answers

What causes global warming primarily?

Release of CO2 into the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior involves an animal forming a social attachment during a critical early period?

Imprinting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a positive impact of human activity on the environment?

Deforestation Signup and view all the answers

In which type of ecosystem impact do organisms outcompete local species?

Invasive species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of trial and error learning?

Rats navigating a maze Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main principles of natural selection?

Variations are inherited from parents to offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is bioaccumulation?

Increase in toxins as you move up the food chain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an adaptation?

Bright flowers attracting pollinators. Signup and view all the answers

What do homologous structures suggest about certain organisms?

They share a common ancestor that had similar structures. Signup and view all the answers

What do vestigial structures indicate?

They are remnants of structures that had a function in ancestors. Signup and view all the answers

How does biochemical similarity provide evidence for evolution?

Similar DNA sequences indicate organisms may be closely related. Signup and view all the answers

What is speciation?

The emergence of a new species from existing species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antibiotic or pesticide resistance?

Only the most resistant individuals survive and reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes coevolution?

Two organisms evolve in response to each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately describes the hierarchy of classification?

Genus and species are used in binomial nomenclature. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life?

Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology EOC Review

This review covers Biology EOC Standards in a general sense, not every detail discussed in class.
Topics may appear in a different order than they were covered in class.
Use this review along with all class notes, study guide, old assignments, and practice EOC questions.

Scientific Method Vocabulary

Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for an observation, based on evidence.
Independent Variable: A variable that does not change during an experiment (e.g., time).
Dependent Variable: A variable whose value changes depending on the independent variable.
Control Group: A group in an experiment that is not changed to serve as a benchmark for comparison.

Eight Characteristics of Life

Made of cells
Obtains and uses energy
Grows and develops
Maintains homeostasis
Responds to stimuli
Based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
Reproduces independently
Evolves over time

Topic 1: Molecular Biology

Bio 4.1 Biological Molecules
- Bio 4.1.1 Structure and function of organic compounds
- Bio 4.1.2 Proteins and protein synthesis
- Bio 4.1.3 Enzymes
Bio 4.2 Biochemical processes and Energy use in the cell
- Bio 4.2.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
- Bio 4.2.2 Energy is necessary for homeostasis

Organic Molecules

Contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
Four major groups:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Structure/monomer/subunit/basic building block: Monosaccharide
Function: Energy source and structure
Examples:
- Glucose (C6H12O6) - blood sugar
- Cellulose - plant cell walls
- Starch - energy storage for plants
- Glycogen - energy storage in mammals' liver
Tests:
- Glucose - Benedict's solution (turns orange/green)
- Starch - Iodine solution (turns blue-black)
Words ending in "-ose": Sugars

Lipids

Structure: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Function: long-term energy storage, protection, and insulation
Examples: Fats, phospholipids (cell membrane structure), and steroids (embedded in cell membranes)
Test: Brown paper bag absorbs lipids

Nucleic Acids

Monomer/subunit/basic building block: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base)
Function: Store genetic information
Examples: DNA and RNA

Proteins

Monomer/subunit/basic building block: amino acids (20 different amino acids)
Function: Building and repairing cells, communication, transport, gene expression, and regulation
Tests: Biuret's
Examples: Insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin
Proteins whose shape has been changed = denatured

Enzymes

Organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Specific to a reaction ("lock and key method").
Reusable.
Affected by temperature and pH (shape is altered at high temperatures and extreme pH).
End in "-ase"

Photosynthesis

The way plants make their own food.
Reactants: Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Sun
Products: Glucose and Oxygen
Occurs in the chloroplast,
- Light+H₂O+CO₂→C₆H₁₂O₆+O₂
Stomata in leaves take in CO2 and water

Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen.
Reactants: Glucose and oxygen
Products: Water and carbon dioxide.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
Chemical equation is the inverse of photosynthesis (C₆H₁₂O₆+O₂→H₂O+CO₂).
Very efficient (36-38 ATP per glucose).

Anaerobic Respiration

Also known as fermentation.
No oxygen required.
Less efficient (only 2 ATP per glucose) than aerobic respiration.
Products include CO2 and lactic acid or alcohol.
Two types:
- Alcoholic fermentation (yeast/beer)
- Lactic acid fermentation (muscle fatigue/cramps)

ATP – Energy Storage Molecule

Adenosine triphosphate (contains three phosphates).
Energy stored in the bonds between phosphates.
Bonds are broken (cleaved) to release energy, leaving behind ADP (adenosine diphosphate) with two phosphates.
Used in maintaining homeostasis and quick energy by the cell.
Can be re-energized from ADP back to ATP.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Examples:
- Sweating (reduces temperature)
- Shivering (raises temperature)
- Buffers (resists changes in pH)
- Enzyme and hormone levels
- Insulin regulating blood sugar
- Excretion of toxic byproducts of metabolism

Cellular Structures for Life Functions

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Theory

All living things are composed of one or more cells (unicellular or multicellular).
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells (mitosis or meiosis).

Types of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes
- Simple, no membrane-bound organelles.
- Bacteria only (unicellular)
- Smaller than eukaryotes.
- Contain: circular DNA strands (plasmids), ribosomes, and a plasma membrane/Cytoplasm/Cell Wall
Eukaryotes
- Membrane-bound organelles.
- Plants, animals, protists, fungi.
- Larger than prokaryotes.
- Contain a nucleus and other organelles (mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, ribosomes).

Nucleus/Nucleolus

Nucleus (membrane bound)
Contains chromosomes; stores genetic information
Nucleolus (dense region inside the nucleus); synthesizes ribosomes

Mitochondria

Energy-producing membrane-bound organelle ("powerhouse of the cell").
Produces ATP in the form of energy.
Site of aerobic cellular respiration.
Highly folded interior (cristae) increases surface area to increase energy production.

Chloroplast

Membrane-bound organelle.
Site of photosynthesis.
Uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose.
In plant cells, plant-like protists, and some bacteria.

Vacuole

Membrane-bound storage organelle for excess materials (food, water, waste).
Plant cells usually have one large, central vacuole.
Animal cells typically have several smaller vacuoles.

Ribosomes

Small, non-membrane-bound organelles.
Protein-synthesizing.
Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Surrounds the cell, regulating what enters/leaves the cell (semipermeable).
Helps maintain homeostasis.
Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins.

Cell Wall

Found in plants and bacteria.
Surrounds the cell, providing support and protection (outside cell membrane).
Made of cellulose (carbohydrate sugar).

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Interphase: Cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for division (G1, S, G2).
Mitosis: Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides and creates two new cells

Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)

Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nucleus disappears.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
Telophase: Nuclei reappear, cleavage furrow forms.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides; creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells.

Binary Fission

Bacterial Cell division.
Cell elongates, DNA is replicated.
Cross-walls divide DNA.
Cells separate.

Specific Cell Adaptations

Amoeba
- Contractile vacuole (ejects excess water)
- Pseudopods (movement)
Euglena
- Flagella
- Eyespot
Paramecium
- Cilia

Topic 2 Questions

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Questions

Topic 3: Ecosystems

Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms
- Bio 2.1.1 Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen cycles
- Bio 2.1.2 Behavioral, Structural, and Reproductive Adaptations
- Bio 2.1.3 Interactions among Organisms
- Bio 2.1.4 Ecosystems
- Bio 2.2 Human Impact
  - Bio 2.2.1 Human Activities
  - Bio 2.2.2 Sustainability

Ecology

Study of interactions between organisms and their environments
Collection of abiotic (non-living) and biotic factors in an area.
Influences growth, survival, and productivity of organisms.

Symbiotic Relationships

Symbiosis: Close and permanent relationship between members of different species
Mutalism (+, +): Both benefit
Parasitism (+, -): One benefits, other harmed
Commensalism (+/0): One benefits, other unaffected

Predator-Prey Relationship

Predator: Hunter, eats prey.
Prey: Being hunted or eaten
Evolve in response to each other
Keeps population numbers in check within an ecosystem

Predator-Prey Relationship

Predators eat prey, maintaining prey populations' health.
Predators target sick, weak, or injured prey.
Prey population increase leads to predator population increase.
Prey decrease leads to predator population decrease.

Carbon Cycle

Carbon cycles through an ecosystem via:
- Atmosphere (CO2)
- Photosynthesis (CO2 used by plants to make glucose)
- Decomposition (plants die, buried as fossil fuels)
- Human activity (fossil fuels burned, increasing CO2 in the atmosphere).
- Cellular respiration (animals, including humans, breathe out CO2)
Climate change is influenced by CO2 as a greenhouse gas.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is a necessary part of amino acids (proteins) and nucleic acids (DNA).
78% of air is nitrogen, unusable by most plants and animals.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into a usable form (ammonia).
Nitrogen is broken down and returned to the atmosphere by bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms.

Food Chains

Show the flow of energy from one organism to another.

Food Webs

System of interlocking and independent food chains in an ecosystem.
Autotrophs are producers (plants).
Heterotrophs are consumers

Energy Pyramids

Illustrates energy flow through trophic levels (steps of a food chain).
10% of energy passes from one trophic level to the next, with the rest lost as heat.

Plant Vascular Tissues

Xylem: Transports water from roots to leaves.
Phloem: Transports sugar (glucose) from leaves to roots.

Excretion

How organisms get rid of waste.
Amphibians and mammals use urinary systems with kidneys to remove nitrogenous waste and regulate water balance.
Plants excrete wastes (e.g., oxygen during photosynthesis) through stomata in their leaves.
Plants lose water (transpiration) through their stomata.

Respiration

How organisms take in and release gases.
All living things use respiration to produce ATP using oxygen within the mitochondria.
Plants take in CO2 and release O2 through stomata.
Amphibians and mammals use lungs for respiration.
Single-celled organisms use diffusion for gas exchange.

Nutrition

How organisms get nutrition (break down and absorb food).
Autotrophs (producers, e.g., plants) make their own food through photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs (consumers, e.g., humans) get food from different sources.
Animals have digestive systems to break down food.
Mammals have teeth and birds have beaks adapted for their diet.

Growth/Development/Reproduction

How organisms grow, develop, and reproduce.
Some plants grow from seeds (angiosperms, gymnosperms) or spores.
Seed plants utilize pollen and ovules for sexual reproduction.
Insects and amphibians undergo metamorphosis.
Animals in the water (fish, amphibians) generally use external fertilization.
Internal fertilization is common in mammals (monotremes, marsupials, placental).

Innate Behavior

Behaviors animals are born with
Including suckling, migration, hibernation, estivation, phototaxis, chemotaxis

Communication between individuals of the same species.
Includes courtship, territoriality, chemical signals (pheromones)

Learned Behavior

Behaviors acquired through experience and not innate.
Including habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error.

Human Population/Exponential Growth

Human populations grow exponentially due to low death rates and abundant resources.
This growth places pressure on resources like food, land, and fossil fuels.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support.
Limiting factors like food availability, competition, disease, predation, natural disasters, and territory limit population size.
When population exceeds the capacity of resources, it leads to an overshoot.

Effects of Disease on Ecosystems

Ecosystems with high genetic diversity and species diversity are more resilient to diseases.
Some species have evolved resistance to diseases.
Extinction of a species can create an ecological niche open to be filled by other species.

Human Impacts on Ecosystems

Positive Impacts: Reforestation, Cover Rotation, Recycling, Sustainable Practices (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).
Negative Impacts: Acid Rain, Deforestation, Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species (kudzu), Ozone depletion, and pollution.

Invasive Species

Organisms outside their native range.
No natural enemies/predators.
Outcompete local species and rapidly expand.

Global Warming

Increase in Earth's average temperature.
Result of increased release of greenhouse gasses (CO2) into the atmosphere.
Burning fossil fuels is a major cause.

Bioaccumulation

Environmental toxins increase in concentration as you move up a food chain.
Organisms higher on the food chain consume more toxins.

Topic 3 Questions

Bio 3.1 Structure/Function of DNA

Bio 3.1.1 DNA – double strands
Bio 3.1.2 DNA & RNA code for proteins and determine traits
Bio 3.1.3 Mutations

Bio. 3.2 Expression of Genetic Traits

Bio 3.2.1 Meiosis, sexual reproduction & genetic variation
Bio 3.2.2 Inheritance Patterns
Bio 3.2.3 Environmental Factors

Bio 3.3 DNA Technology

Bio 3.3.1 DNA Comparison & Identification
Bio 3.3.2 Transgenic Organisms
Bio 3.3.3 Ethical Issues

Bio 3.4 Theory of Evolution

Bio 3.4.1 Evidence for Evolution
Bio 3.4.2 Natural Selection
Bio 3.4.3 Disease Agents

Bio. 3.5 Classification Systems

Bio 3.5.1 Historical & Modern Systems
Bio 3.5.2 Evolutionary Relationships

DNA/RNA

Monomer/Subunit/Basic Building Block: Nucleic Acids
Store genetic information
Made of a chain of nucleotides composed of:
- Sugar
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen base

DNA vs RNA

DNA
- Double stranded
- "Twisted Ladder" (backbone: sugar & phosphate)
- "Rungs of Ladder" (inside: complementary base pairs)
- Sugar is Deoxyribose
- Found in nucleus
RNA
- Single stranded
- Four base pairs (AUCG)
- Sugar is Ribose

Protein Synthesis

Sequence of DNA determines proteins
Proteins are important for building things within the body.

DNA Replication

Creation of an identical strand of DNA
Occurs during "S" phase (synthesis) of cell cycle
Semiconservative model
1 old strand & 1 new strand

"Central Dogma" of Biology

Protein Synthesis: DNA contains the code for RNA, which codes for protein.
DNA → RNA → Protein

Transcription

Creation of an RNA copy of a DNA segment.
DNA → mRNA moves from the nucleus to ribosomes.
Occurs in the nucleus.
Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA.
3 RNA types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Translation

Creation of proteins based on mRNA instructions.
Ribosomes read the mRNA message and assemble the protein.
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons.
Amino acids are linked by rRNA using peptide bonds to form the protein.

Codon

Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

Mutations

Change in sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Addition/Deletion: Shift in codon sequence, alters entire amino acid sequence.
Substitution: Changes one amino acid, result may be slightly altered amino acid (Ex. Sickle Cell).
NOT always harmful.
Caused by randomness/spontaneity or exposure to radiation and/or chemicals.
Mutations in sex cells may be inherited.

Sickle Cell

Recessive genetic disorder resistant to malaria.
A substitution mutation (alteration of one amino acid).

Mitosis

Somatic (body) cell division.
Produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
Used for growth and repairing damage.
Asexual reproduction (cloning, binary fission, budding).
No genetic variation.

Meiosis

Sexual Cell division.
Produces four different haploid daughter cells (gametes).
Important for sexual reproduction.
Independent assortment creates variation.
Fertilization: egg + sperm = diploid zygote.
2 cell division rounds.

Crossing Over

Occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA, creating variation in gametes.

Nondisjunction

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis.
Can lead to genetic diseases (e.g., Down syndrome).

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual: One parent, identical offspring, variation only through mutations (budding, fragmentation, fission, cloning).
Sexual: Two parents, offspring differ from parents, more variation due to fertilization & gene shuffling (n + n = 2n).

Law of Segregation & Independent Assortment

Segregation: Alleles are randomly allocated to gametes during meiosis.
Independent assortment: Inheritance of one gene does not influence the allele received for a different gene.

Inheritance

Traits specific characteristics inherited from parents.
Genes are the factors that determine traits.
Alleles are the different forms of a gene.

Dominant/Recessive Alleles

Dominant alleles are expressed when present, masking recessive alleles.
Recessive alleles are hidden.
Capital letters symbolize dominant alleles (ex: HH or Hh), lowercase recessive (hh).

Genotype

The combination of alleles an individual has for a trait.
Homozygous (GG or gg): Both alleles are the same.
Heterozygous (Gg): Both alleles are different.

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait.

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygous individuals show a blending of dominant and recessive traits, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.
Ex: Red(RR) + White(WW) = Pink(RW).

Codominance

Heterozygous individuals show both traits equally without blending (Co—Together).
Ex: Roan cows (spotted) RR=Red, WW=White, RW=Red/White.

Polygenic Traits

Traits controlled by more than one gene.
Wide range of phenotypes.
Ex: Hair color, eye color, height.

Multiple Alleles

Traits controlled by genes with more than two alleles for that trait.
Blood type (A, B, O) is an example.

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits carried on the X chromosome.
More common in males because they only have one X chromosome.
Ex: Hemophilia, colorblindness

Pedigrees

Family tree diagrams to show inheritance patterns of a trait or disease within a family.

Autosomal Recessive/Dominant Pedigrees

Pedigrees that indicate traits not on sex chromosomes.

X-linked Recessive Pedigrees

Karyotype

Chart of an organism's chromosomes (23 pairs, largest to smallest).
Used to identify chromosomal disorders and gender abnormalities.

Environmental Influences on Genes

Environmental factors affect gene expression.
Ex: Diet, smoking, sun exposure, and other factors can affect the development of disease-related genes.

Human Genome Project

Sequencing of human DNA (13-year project).
Used to develop gene therapies and identify genes associated with conditions (Ex: SCID and Cystic Fibrosis).

Gel Electrophoresis

Technique to separate DNA or protein molecules based on their size in a gel.

Recombinant DNA

Creating a new DNA molecule combining DNA segments from different sources.
Ex: Bacteria producing human insulin.

Bacterial Transformation

Inserting a gene to make bacteria produce certain chemicals.
Example: bacteria with the gene for human insulin to create insulin.

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms with DNA fragments from other organisms.
Ex: Plants resistant to pests, bacteria producing human insulin, animals that glow.

Origin of Life

Early Earth (no oxygen).
Anaerobic prokaryotes.
Photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved (oxygenated the atmosphere).
Eukaryotes arose (mitochondria and chloroplasts via endosymbiosis).
Multicellular life eventually emerged.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes.
Early prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes, forming symbiotic relationships.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved this way.

Abiogenesis/Biogenesis

Abiogenesis: Living things arise from non-living things.
Biogenesis: Living things arise from pre-existing living things.
Disproved Spontaneous Generation (disproven by experiments).

Natural Selection

"Survival of the Fittest".
Fitness: Ability to survive and reproduce in an organism's environment.
Requires genetic variation and competition.

Peppered Moth Example

Demonstrates natural selection in response to environmental changes.

5 Tenets of Natural Selection

Adaptations

Beneficial traits that increase survival.
Beaks, flowers, vascular tissue examples.

Evidence for Evolution

Homologous structures (same structure, different function, suggest common ancestor)
Analogous structures (same function, different structures, no common ancestor)
Vestigial structures (structures once functional but no longer needed)
Fossil record (older fossils are different from recent fossils, reflecting evolution)
Biochemical similarities (DNA).

Speciation

Emergence of a new species.
Isolation (geographic, reproductive) drives the evolution of differences between members of a species leading to the formation of a new one.

Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance

Populations become resistant to pesticides/antibiotics with overuse, through natural selection.

Coevolution

Two or more species evolve in response to each other, often in reciprocal ways.

Classification

Hierarchical system to organize living organisms.
From broadest category (Kingdom) to most specific (species).

Domains

Three major categories of life (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
Higher level classifications than kingdoms.

Binomial Nomenclature

Two-part naming system (Genus + species) for organisms.
Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase.

Dichotomous Keys

Multi-step tool for identifying organisms.
Paired questions with two choices lead to the identification of a species.

Cladograms, Phylogenetic Trees

Cladograms: Show evolutionary relationships, based on derived traits.
Phylogenetic Trees: Similar to cladograms, use more data (e.g., DNA, protein) to represent evolutionary relationships showing branching from a shared ancestor.

Viruses

Not considered living things.
Cannot reproduce independently.
Pathogens that can mutate to resist vaccines.

Immune Response

B Cells: Fight antigens in body fluids, create antibodies, make memory cells
T Cells: Fight pathogens inside living cells, may help B cells, make memory cells

Immunity

Passive immunity: Antibodies introduced from another organism (short-term).
Active immunity: Antibodies acquired through immune response (long-term).

Parasites

Organisms that live on or within a host, benefiting while harming the host.
Example: Plasmodium causes malaria

Topic 4 Questions

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in biological research, including hypotheses, variables, and characteristics of life. This quiz covers crucial components of scientific experiments and molecular biology essential for understanding living organisms.