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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in the midpiece of a sperm?
What is the main function of the corpora cavernosa in the penis?
What is the role of GnRH in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in the male reproductive system?
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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What is the main function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
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What is the function of the 4-inch muscular tube in the female reproductive system?
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What is the purpose of the clitoris in the female reproductive system?
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What is the only absolute method of birth control?
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What is the primary function of hormonal birth control methods?
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What is the purpose of spermicidal preparations in birth control?
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What is fertility awareness?
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What is the main purpose of the reproductive system?
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What is the process that ensures gametes will contain the haploid chromosome number?
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What is the normal and total number of chromosomes in human body cells?
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What is the function of the ducts in the reproductive system?
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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How many haploid sperm are formed through meiosis in the male?
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What is the scrotum?
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What is the name of the mature follicle that contains an oocyte?
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What triggers the secretion of LH during the preovulatory phase?
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What is the result of the rupture of a Graafian follicle?
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What is the order of the stages of follicular development?
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What is the term for the white scar left after the corpus luteum?
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What is the primary function of the fimbriae in the fallopian tube?
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What is the name of the outer layer of the uterine wall?
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What is the reason for a hysterectomy in the case of endometriosis?
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What is the name of the narrow tube that extends from the ovary to the uterus?
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Which part of the uterus is the site of fetal development?
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What is the function of the cilia and peristalsis in the oviduct?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- The head of the sperm contains the nucleus and acrosome, which breaks down the egg's surface during fertilization.
- The midpiece contains mitochondria that produce ATP for sperm movement.
- The tail, or flagellum, enables sperm locomotion.
Penis Structure
- The penis is composed of erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses.
- The corpora cavernosa is the erectile tissue that contains blood sinuses.
- The corpora spongiosum is the tissue that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans penis.
- The glans penis is the enlarged distal end of the penis.
- The prepuce is the foreskin.
Hormonal Regulation
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the hypothalamus, triggering the anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP), which binds to testosterone.
- Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis, and as sperm count rises, Sertoli cells produce inhibin, which stops FSH production.
Female Reproductive System
- The primary functions of the female reproductive system are to receive sperm, produce and maintain egg cells, transport eggs to the site of fertilization, provide nutrition and a safe environment for fetal development, and give birth.
- The primary female sex organs are the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones.
- The accessory sex organs include the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vestibule.
Vulva Structure
- The vulva is the external female reproductive structure and vaginal opening.
- The mons pubis is the fatty pad over the pubic bone.
- The labia majora is the outer skin fold, and the labia minora is the inner skin fold.
- The clitoris is a small mass of erectile tissue.
Mammary Glands
- Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk and are located in the breasts.
Birth Control
- The only absolute method of birth control is abstinence.
- Other birth control methods include sterilization, hormonal birth control, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, and spermicidal preparations.
Fertility Awareness
- The reproductive system's main purpose is to produce gametes and unite them to form a new individual.
- Gametes are produced through the process of meiosis, which ensures a haploid chromosome number.
Spermatogenesis
- In the male, meiosis forms four haploid sperm.
- Males produce about 300 million sperm per day from puberty until death.
Oogenesis
- In the female, meiosis forms one haploid egg and up to three haploid polar bodies.
- Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have.
Male Reproductive System Functions
- The three main functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sperm, store sperm, and deliver the sperm to the female reproductive system.
Scrotum
- The scrotum is the sac that contains the testes.
Female Reproductive System Components
- Ovaries produce oocytes and hormones.
- Uterine tubes transport fertilized ova.
- The uterus is the site of fetal development.
- The vagina and external genitalia constitute the vulva.
- Mammary glands produce milk.
Ovarian Hormones
- The ovary produces estrogen and progesterone.
Follicular Development
- The stages of follicular development are primary follicle, secondary follicle, Graafian follicle, and ovulation.
- Corpus luteum is the follicle after ovulation, and Corpus albicans is the white scar left after corpus luteum.
Preovulatory Phase
- The preovulatory phase lasts from day 6 to 13.
- In the ovary, the developing follicle releases estrogen.
- In the uterus, increasing estrogen levels repair and thicken the endometrium.
Ovulation
- High estrogen levels trigger the secretion of LH.
- LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the oocyte.
Postovulatory Phase
- If there is fertilization, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, supporting the pregnancy.
- If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, and the endometrium is shed.
Fallopian Tube
- The fallopian tube is the oviduct that extends from the ovary to the uterus.
- The fimbriae are moving finger-like processes that sweep over the ovary.
Uterus
- The fundus is the dome-shaped top of the uterus.
- The body is the middle portion.
- The cervix is the neck of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
- The uterus is the site of fetal development.
Uterine Wall
- The perimetrium is the outer layer, made of connective tissue.
- The myometrium is the middle layer, made of visceral, smooth muscle.
- The endometrium is the inner layer, made of epithelial tissue.
Hysterectomy
- A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus.
- Reasons for surgery include endometriosis, ovarian cysts, excessive bleeding, cancer of the cervix, uterus, or ovaries.
Vagina
- The vagina is a muscular, elastic tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body.
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Description
Test your understanding of the reproductive system, including the production of gametes, meiosis, and the formation of a zygote. This quiz covers the basics of human reproduction and the biology behind it.
