Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the neural system in the human body?

To provide an organized network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination

Which of the following systems jointly coordinates and integrates the activities of organs in the human body?

Neural system and endocrine system

What is the result of increased muscular activity during physical exercise?

Increased supply of oxygen and increased rate of respiration

What is the process of coordinating the functions of two or more organs to maintain homeostasis?

Coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the neural system in maintaining homeostasis during physical exercise?

To provide an organized network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of stopping physical exercise?

The activities of nerves, lungs, heart, and kidney gradually return to their normal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of neural coordination discussed in this chapter?

Transmission of nerve impulse and impulse conduction across a synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system in the human body?

To chemically integrate the functions of organs through hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the afferent nerve fibres in the peripheral neural system?

Transmitting impulses from tissues to the CNS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the somatic neural system and the autonomic neural system?

The type of muscles they control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the central neural system?

Skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parasympathetic neural system?

Regulating involuntary organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the network of neurons found in lower invertebrates like Hydra?

Neural network Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the neural system in insects?

Presence of a brain and ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial effect of a stimulus on the membrane at a site?

Rapid influx of Na+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the current flow on the inner surface of the membrane?

From site A to site B Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the peripheral nervous system that comprises the whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia, and plexuses?

Visceral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the rise in permeability to K+?

Restoration of the resting potential of the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the efferent nerve fibres in the peripheral neural system?

Transmitting regulatory impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the synaptic cleft in the transmission of impulses?

To allow the impulse to jump from one neuron to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at a site?

Action potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the current flow on the outer surface of the membrane?

From site B to site A Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the reversal of the polarity at a site?

Depolarization of the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the synapse in the transmission of impulses?

To allow the impulse to jump from one neuron to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between electrical synapses and chemical synapses?

The proximity of pre- and post-synaptic neuron membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synaptic vesicles in chemical synapses?

To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ion channels in chemical synapses?

To allow the entry of ions into the post-synaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the brain in the human body?

To act as the central information processing organ Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of electrical synapses in the human nervous system?

They are rare in the human nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of neurotransmitters binding to their specific receptors on the post-synaptic neuron?

It opens ion channels in the post-synaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid-filled space between the pre- and post-synaptic neurons in chemical synapses?

Synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of potential that can be generated in the post-synaptic neuron as a result of neurotransmitters binding to their specific receptors?

Either excitatory or inhibitory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the forebrain?

Processing of sensory information and controlling voluntary movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the forebrain?

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the association areas in the cerebral cortex?

Intersensory associations, memory and communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of cells that covers the cerebral hemisphere?

Cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the two halves of the cerebrum?

Cerebral hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the folds in the cerebral cortex?

Gyri Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the greyish appearance of the cerebral cortex?

Concentration of neuron cell bodies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neural System

The neural system is composed of highly specialized cells called neurons that can detect, receive, and transmit different kinds of stimuli.
The neural system is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body by coordinating the functions of various organs and organ systems.

Human Neural System

The human neural system is divided into two parts: the central neural system (CNS) and the peripheral neural system (PNS).
The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for information processing and control.
The PNS comprises all the nerves of the body associated with the CNS and is divided into two divisions: the somatic neural system and the autonomic neural system.

Somatic and Autonomic Neural Systems

The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
The autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles of the body.
The autonomic neural system is further classified into sympathetic and parasympathetic neural systems.

Neuron as a Structural and Functional Unit

A neuron is a highly specialized cell that can detect, receive, and transmit different kinds of stimuli.
The neural organization is very simple in lower invertebrates, while in vertebrates, it is more developed and complex.
The neural system provides an organized network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.

Transmission of Nerve Impulses

A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions called synapses.
There are two types of synapses: electrical synapses and chemical synapses.
Electrical synapses are rare in the human system and allow electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another.
Chemical synapses are more common and involve the release of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic neuron, which bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.

Central Neural System

The brain is the central information processing organ of the body and acts as the 'command and control system'.
The brain controls voluntary movements, balance of the body, functioning of vital involuntary organs, and many other essential functions.
The brain can be divided into three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

Forebrain

The cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain and is divided into two halves, the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
The cerebral cortex is the layer of cells that covers the cerebral hemisphere and is responsible for complex functions like intersensory associations, memory, and communication.
The cerebral cortex is referred to as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance, which is caused by the concentration of neuron cell bodies.

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Description

This quiz covers the neural system and its role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body, including the coordination of organs and organ systems.