Biology Chapter 14: Echinoderms Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does 'ambulacrum' refer to?

  • A type of larva
  • Radiating grooves where podia of the water-vascular system project (correct)
  • A structure related to respiration
  • A type of digestive gland

    • What is the ambulacral groove?

    A groove along each ambulacrum containing rows of tube feet.

    What are tube feet used for?

    Locomotion, clinging, food handling, and respiration.

    What is the function of the radial nerve?

    <p>To run the length of an arm and coordinate tube foot function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pedicellariae?

    <p>Minute pincerlike groups bearing tiny jaws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of papulae?

    <p>Increase surface area for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a madreporite?

    <p>A sievelike structure that is the intake of the water-vascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water-vascular system?

    <p>A set of canals and specialized tube feet for locomotion and food gathering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Polian vesicles used for?

    <p>Fluid reservoirs for the water-vascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ossicles?

    <p>Small calcareous plates bound by connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are radial canals?

    <p>Canals along the ambulacra radiating from the ring canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lateral canals connect?

    <p>The radial canal to the cylindrical podia along the sides of the ambulacral groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ampulla?

    <p>A muscular vesicle above the tube foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cardiac stomach?

    <p>The larger lower portion of the stomach that can be everted during feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autotomy?

    <p>The ability to detach part of their own body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pyloric ceca?

    <p>Digestive glands in echinoderms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pyloric stomach?

    <p>The smaller upper portion that attaches to the digestive glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somatocoels?

    <p>Posterior coelomic compartments that give rise to oral and aboral coeloms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an axocoel?

    <p>The anterior coelomic compartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hydrocoel?

    <p>The middle coelomic compartment that gives rise to the water vascular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bipinnaria?

    <p>A free-swimming, ciliated, bilateral larva of asteroid echinoderms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Ophiuroidea?

    <p>Brittle stars and basket stars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with their corresponding terms:

    <p>Echinoidea = Sea urchins, Sand dollars, Heart Urchins Asteroidea = Star-shaped with variable number of arms Crinoidea = Sea lilies, feather stars Holothuroidea = Sea cucumbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oral tentacles?

    <p>Modified tube feet around the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a respiratory tree?

    <p>Composed of two long, many-branched tubes for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cloaca?

    <p>An opening that pumps seawater into the respiratory tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an auricularia?

    <p>Free-swimming larva of class Holothuroidea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Cuvierian tubules?

    <p>Sticky, often toxic discharges expelled by Holothurians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Holothuroidea?

    <p>Elongate body with no arms and unique respiratory tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Crinoidea?

    <p>Flower-shaped with stalked sea lilies and pinnules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about Asteroidea?

    <p>They have open ambulacral grooves and can be predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'triploblastic' refer to?

    <p>A type of embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Echinodermata?

    <p>The name of the phylum that includes echinoderms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pentaradial symmetry?

    <p>A type of symmetry seen in adult echinoderms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symmetry do echinoderm larvae exhibit?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Deuterostome?

    <p>A type of embryonic cleavage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dermal papulae?

    <p>Fleshy dermal projections for respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Aristotle's lantern?

    <p>A 5-toothed jaw mechanism in Echinoidea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Echinoderms Overview

    • Echinoderms belong to the phylum Echinodermata, characterized by their unique features and structures.

    Unique Features

    • Pentaradial symmetry: Adults exhibit this type of symmetry, while their larvae demonstrate bilateral symmetry.
    • Triploblastic: Echinoderms develop from three germ layers during embryonic development.
    • Deuterostome development: They exhibit deuterostomic cleavage patterns.

    Key Anatomical Structures

    • Ambulacrum: Radiating grooves with projecting podia from the water-vascular system.
    • Ambulacral groove: Central groove of each ambulacrum containing tube feet flanked by movable spines.
    • Tube feet: Serve multiple purposes including locomotion, adhesion, feeding, and respiration.

    Water-Vascular System

    • Madreporite: A sievelike structure serving as the entry point for the water-vascular system.
    • Polian vesicles: Fluid reservoirs connected to the ring canal of the water-vascular system.
    • Ossicles: Calcareous plates forming the body structure, often projecting spines.

    Circulatory Elements

    • Radial canal: Canals radiating from the ring canal along the ambulacra.
    • Lateral canal: Connects radial canals to tube feet.
    • Ampulla: Muscular vesicle above tube feet aiding in movement and function.

    Digestive System

    • Cardiac stomach: Can be everted for digestion and enzymatic breakdown of food.
    • Pyloric stomach: Connected to digestive glands where extensive digestion occurs.
    • Pyloric ceca: Digestive glands facilitating nutrient absorption.

    Respiratory Structures

    • Papulae: Projections aiding gas exchange by increasing respiratory surface area.
    • Respiratory tree: Unique structure in some echinoderms for respiration, leading to the cloaca.

    Defensive Mechanisms

    • Autotomy: Ability to sever parts of their body for defense.
    • Cuvierian tubules: Sticky, toxic structures expelled to deter predators.

    Major Classes of Echinoderms

    • Asteroidea (Sea Stars): Have variable arms, open ambulacral grooves with suckered tube feet, and can prey by everting their stomachs.
    • Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars): Characterized by a distinct central disc, autotomous limbs, and lack of suckers on tube feet.
    • Echinoidea (Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars): No arms with fused ossicle plates forming a "test," equipped with moveable spines and suckered tube feet.
    • Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers): Elongated body plan with no arms, utilized for respiration with a unique respiratory tree.
    • Crinoidea (Sea Lilies & Feather Stars): Flower-shaped bodies with arms bearing food grooves and tube feet, anchored by flexible appendages called cirri.

    Larval Forms

    • Bipinnaria: Free-swimming, bilateral larva of asteroids.
    • Auricularia: Free-swimming larva of Holothuroidea that develops into adult forms.

    Additional Concepts

    • Pedicellariae: Small pincher-like structures for defense and maintenance.
    • Dermal papulae: Flesh-like projections acting in respiration.
    • Aristotle's lantern: A specialized jaw mechanism found in Echinoidea for feeding.

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    Test your knowledge of Echinoderms with these flashcards focused on chapter 14. Each card features a key term and its definition, enhancing your understanding of this fascinating group of marine animals. Perfect for studying and memorization.

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