Biology Chapter 13 Review Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA called?

Transcription

How does RNA differ from DNA?

  • RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. (correct)
  • RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose.
  • RNA has uracil as a nucleotide and DNA has thymine. (correct)
  • All of the above.

    • What does each codon in messenger RNA specify?

    Amino acid

    How many codons are in the genetic code?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are there more codons than amino acids?

    <p>Some codons can represent the same amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of making proteins on the ribosome, based on instructions from messenger RNA, called?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of RNA are there?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint for DNA?

    <p>Messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid called?

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA strands unwind and separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of nucleic acids are?

    <p>RNA and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sugar does RNA contain?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Genetic Code Sheet, which of the following amino acid sequences corresponds to this mRNA strand? CUC AAG UGC UUC

    <p>Leu: CUC, Lys: AAG, Cys: UGC, Phe: UUC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are in both DNA and RNA?

    <p>Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During eukaryotic transcription, the molecule that is formed is?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the?

    <p>Codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes contain instructions for assembling?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to information on a chromosome undergoing a deletion mutation?

    <p>Information is lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of most mutations?

    <p>No effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation called that involves one or a few nucleotides?

    <p>Point Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromosomal mutation?

    <p>Translocation, duplication, inversion, and deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a promoter?

    <p>Binding site of the RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?

    <p>Gene affects only one gene while chromosomal may affect a long stretch and may also alter chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms?

    <p>DNA to RNA to protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of polyploidy plants?

    <p>They tend to be bigger and stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why aren't all genes in a cell transcribed all of the time?

    <p>To save energy and nutrients/resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The TATA box does regulate gene expression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cell specialization in eukaryotic cells require?

    <p>Gene regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of point mutation?

    <p>Substitutions, insertions, and deletions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chromosomal mutations include?

    <p>Translocation, deletions, inversion, and duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result if an adenine nucleotide is deleted from a nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transcription unit that is 8000 nucleotides long may use 1200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. How is this best explained?

    <p>Many noncoding stretches of codons are present in mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. What is the anticodon on the tRNA that binds mRNA codon?

    <p>UUU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could cause a frameshift mutation?

    <p>Insertion or a deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a protein's activity?

    <p>It might substitute an amino acid in the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chain of polypeptides form?

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription is the process of copying genetic code from DNA to RNA.
    • Translation refers to the synthesis of proteins at ribosomes, guided by mRNA instructions.

    RNA vs. DNA

    • RNA is single-stranded; DNA is double-stranded.
    • RNA contains ribose sugar; DNA consists of deoxyribose (one less oxygen).
    • RNA uses uracil as a nucleotide while DNA uses thymine.

    Codons and Amino Acids

    • A codon is a triplet nucleotide sequence in mRNA that designates a specific amino acid.
    • There are a total of 64 codons in the genetic code.
    • The redundancy in the genetic code allows multiple codons to specify the same amino acid.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, producing mRNA.
    • Information flows in the sequence: DNA → RNA → Protein.
    • During translation, tRNA's anticodons pair with mRNA's codons to add the corresponding amino acids.

    Mutations

    • Mutations can be point mutations (affecting one or few nucleotides) or chromosomal mutations (like translocation, duplication, inversion, and deletion).
    • Deletion mutations result in loss of genetic information.
    • Most mutations have no significant effect on the organism.

    Gene Regulation

    • Only certain genes are transcribed to save energy and resources, emphasizing the importance of gene regulation in cellular specialization.
    • The TATA box is not a regulator of gene expression; it's part of initiation for transcription machinery.

    Polyploidy in Plants

    • Polyploidy results in plants that tend to be larger and sturdier than their diploid counterparts.

    Information Encoding and Encoding Units

    • A transcription unit may have noncoding sections, accounting for longer mRNA sequences than those required for protein synthesis.
    • Anticodon pairing is critical in ensuring the correct amino acid sequence.
    • Mutations such as insertions or deletions can lead to frameshift mutations, altering the reading frame during protein synthesis.

    Protein Formation

    • Chains of amino acids linked together form polypeptides, which then fold into functional proteins.

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    Test your knowledge of key concepts from Biology Chapter 13 with these flashcards. This chapter covers essential processes such as transcription and the differences between RNA and DNA. Perfect for reviewing before exams or enhancing your understanding of molecular biology.

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