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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic that differentiates yeast from mold forms of fungi?
What is the main characteristic that differentiates yeast from mold forms of fungi?
- Yeast is unicellular, while mold is multicellular. (correct)
- Yeast grows only in acidic environments, whereas mold prefers humid ones.
- Yeast produces antibiotics, whereas mold does not.
- Mold can reproduce asexually, but yeast cannot.
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
- Viruses can metabolize nutrients.
- Viruses do not reproduce independently and lack metabolic processes. (correct)
- Viruses consist of both DNA and RNA.
- Viruses are considered alive due to their ability to replicate.
What unique characteristic distinguishes Archaea from other domains of life?
What unique characteristic distinguishes Archaea from other domains of life?
- They primarily thrive in temperatures below freezing.
- They can survive in extreme environments. (correct)
- They are all unicellular and lack a cell wall.
- They reproduce only via binary fission.
How are protozoa primarily classified?
How are protozoa primarily classified?
What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?
What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?
In Bergey’s manual, what type of organisms are classified and identified?
In Bergey’s manual, what type of organisms are classified and identified?
Which statement accurately describes feedback inhibition?
Which statement accurately describes feedback inhibition?
What is one significant aspect of fungi as organisms?
What is one significant aspect of fungi as organisms?
What distinguishes competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition?
What distinguishes competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition?
Which of the following best describes the limitation of the human eye in relation to cellular observation?
Which of the following best describes the limitation of the human eye in relation to cellular observation?
What is the primary method of classifying bacteria based on their shape?
What is the primary method of classifying bacteria based on their shape?
During which phase of glycolysis is glucose phosphorylated using ATP?
During which phase of glycolysis is glucose phosphorylated using ATP?
Which statement correctly characterizes aerobic respiration?
Which statement correctly characterizes aerobic respiration?
What are helminths primarily classified as?
What are helminths primarily classified as?
What is generated during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
What is generated during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of prokaryotic flagella?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of prokaryotic flagella?
What characteristic defines bacteria classified as pleomorphic?
What characteristic defines bacteria classified as pleomorphic?
Which arrangement applies to bacteria that form clusters?
Which arrangement applies to bacteria that form clusters?
What distinguishes the capsule form of glycocalyx from the slime layer?
What distinguishes the capsule form of glycocalyx from the slime layer?
What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?
What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?
How does a flagellum typically generate movement?
How does a flagellum typically generate movement?
Which statement correctly describes the flagella of Gram negative bacteria?
Which statement correctly describes the flagella of Gram negative bacteria?
What happens to bacterial movement when a chemical attractant is present?
What happens to bacterial movement when a chemical attractant is present?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?
Which bacteria are known to possess endoflagella?
Which bacteria are known to possess endoflagella?
What was the significance of Francisco Redi's experiments with decaying meat?
What was the significance of Francisco Redi's experiments with decaying meat?
Which statement best describes one of Koch's postulates?
Which statement best describes one of Koch's postulates?
In what way do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of DNA storage?
In what way do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of DNA storage?
What was a critical finding of John Snow during the cholera outbreak investigation?
What was a critical finding of John Snow during the cholera outbreak investigation?
Which of the following describes a key contribution of Florence Nightingale to epidemiology?
Which of the following describes a key contribution of Florence Nightingale to epidemiology?
Which statement correctly reflects a limitation of Koch’s postulates?
Which statement correctly reflects a limitation of Koch’s postulates?
How did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to reducing mortality rates in childbirth?
How did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to reducing mortality rates in childbirth?
What does the modern focus of germ theory include?
What does the modern focus of germ theory include?
What did Robert Hooke discover when he observed cork under a microscope?
What did Robert Hooke discover when he observed cork under a microscope?
What components do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share?
What components do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share?
What are the two monomers involved in the structure of peptidoglycan?
What are the two monomers involved in the structure of peptidoglycan?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of Gram positive bacterial cell walls?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of Gram positive bacterial cell walls?
What role does lipid A play in Gram negative bacteria?
What role does lipid A play in Gram negative bacteria?
How do porins in Gram negative bacterial cells contribute to virulence?
How do porins in Gram negative bacterial cells contribute to virulence?
What characterizes the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?
What characterizes the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?
What is the primary storage form of energy in cells?
What is the primary storage form of energy in cells?
Which statement accurately differentiates catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Which statement accurately differentiates catabolic and anabolic reactions?
What best defines enzymes during biochemical reactions?
What best defines enzymes during biochemical reactions?
What are endospores and when are they formed?
What are endospores and when are they formed?
What distinguishes cofactors from coenzymes?
What distinguishes cofactors from coenzymes?
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Study Notes
Classification of Organisms
- Hierarchical classification: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Organisms written using binomial nomenclature: Both names italicized, genus capitalized.
Prokaryotic Classification
- Bergey's Manual provides information for classifying and identifying prokaryotes.
Metric Measurements
- Meter to millimeter equivalents:
- Decimeter: 1/10
- Centimeter: 1/100
- Millimeter: 1/1000
- Micrometer: 1/1,000,000
- Nanometer: 1/1,000,000,000
- Human eye limitation: Can see structures down to 1mm or 100 micrometers.
Cell Sizes
- Average sizes:
- Animal cell: 10 micrometers
- Bacterial cell: 1 micrometer
- Virus: 0.1 micrometer
Viruses
- Viruses are distinct; do not fit within the three domains of life.
Bacterial Cell Structure
- Basic components: Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
- Common shapes: Bacilli (rod), Cocci (spherical), Spirilla (spiral), Spirochetes (corkscrew), Vibrio (comma-shaped).
Archaea
- Notable for surviving extreme environments: high temperatures, extreme pH levels.
Algae Applications
- Used in biofuels, food products, pharmaceuticals, and production of oxygen in water.
Protozoa Classification
- Classified by movement mechanisms: cilia, flagella, pseudopodia.
Fungi Characteristics
- Can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold).
- Act as decomposers and thrive in warm, moist environments.
- Yeast: Unicellular, used in food and can cause disease.
- Mold: Multicellular, used in pharmaceuticals, can cause allergies.
Helminths
- Multicellular parasitic worms that produce microscopic eggs and larvae causing diseases.
Virus Structure and Living Status
- Composed of DNA or RNA.
- Considered non-living since they do not reproduce or metabolize independently.
Subfields of Microbiology
- Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
- Mycology: Study of fungi.
- Protozoology: Study of protozoa.
- Parasitology: Study of parasites like helminths.
- Virology: Study of viruses.
- Immunology: Study of immune system.
Abiogenesis and Historical Experiments
- Abiogenesis: Hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter.
- Francisco Redi: Disproved spontaneous generation using decaying meat and fly eggs.
- Louis Pasteur: Disproved spontaneous generation by showing microorganisms only grow in non-sterile broth.
Cell Theory and Historical Discoveries
- Cell theory states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Robert Hooke: Discovered "cells" while examining cork under a microscope.
- Germ theory states diseases result from microbial infections.
Key Contributions to Epidemiology
- Ignaz Semmelweis: Promoted handwashing, reducing childbirth mortality.
- John Snow: Identified cholera outbreak source via mapping.
- Joseph Lister: Used carbolic acid to reduce postoperative infections.
- Florence Nightingale: Used statistics to show preventable death causes.
Koch’s Postulates
- Microbe present in disease cases.
- Can be cultured outside the body.
- Must cause disease in healthy hosts.
- Can be reisolated from the experimental host.
- Exceptions exist, including microbes that can't be cultured and hosts that are specific.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Structures
- Shared structures: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
- Prokaryotes: Circular DNA, bacterial flagella, lack organelles.
- Eukaryotes: Linear DNA, membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Glycocalyx and Flagella
- Glycocalyx: Gelatinous layer outside some bacteria, can be a capsule or slime layer.
- Flagellum structure: Composed of filament, hook, basal body, providing mobility.
Differences in Bacterial Cell Walls
- Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer, single membrane.
- Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Fluid Mosaic Model
- Describes the dynamic cell membrane, comprised of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Endospores
- Highly resistant, dormant structures formed under extreme conditions.
Microbial Metabolism
- Catabolic reactions: Breakdown large molecules to release energy.
- Anabolic reactions: Build larger molecules using energy.
- ATP is the energy currency in cells.
- Enzymes: Catalysts for biochemical reactions, substrate binding at active sites, influenced by cofactors and coenzymes.
Glycolysis
- Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules with two phases: Energy investment and energy payoff.
Glucose Catabolism
- Aerobic respiration: Uses oxygen.
- Anaerobic respiration: Uses alternative electron acceptors.
- Fermentation: Occurs without oxygen or electron transport.
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