Biology Chapter 1.3 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic that differentiates yeast from mold forms of fungi?

Yeast is unicellular, while mold is multicellular. (correct)

Yeast grows only in acidic environments, whereas mold prefers humid ones.

Yeast produces antibiotics, whereas mold does not.

Mold can reproduce asexually, but yeast cannot.

Which of the following statements about viruses is true?

Viruses can metabolize nutrients.

Viruses do not reproduce independently and lack metabolic processes. (correct)

Viruses consist of both DNA and RNA.

Viruses are considered alive due to their ability to replicate.

What unique characteristic distinguishes Archaea from other domains of life?

They primarily thrive in temperatures below freezing.

They can survive in extreme environments. (correct)

They are all unicellular and lack a cell wall.

They reproduce only via binary fission.

How are protozoa primarily classified?

Based on their movement mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the active site of an enzyme?

To bind with substrates Signup and view all the answers

In Bergey’s manual, what type of organisms are classified and identified?

Prokaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes feedback inhibition?

The end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant aspect of fungi as organisms?

Fungi can act as decomposers. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes competitive inhibition from non-competitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition competes for the active site with substrates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the limitation of the human eye in relation to cellular observation?

It cannot see objects smaller than 1 millimeter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of classifying bacteria based on their shape?

According to their physical appearances. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of glycolysis is glucose phosphorylated using ATP?

Energy investment phase Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes aerobic respiration?

It utilizes oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Signup and view all the answers

What are helminths primarily classified as?

Multicellular parasitic worms. Signup and view all the answers

What is generated during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of prokaryotic flagella?

Prokaryotic flagella rotate to propel the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines bacteria classified as pleomorphic?

Variation in size and shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which arrangement applies to bacteria that form clusters?

Staphylo Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the capsule form of glycocalyx from the slime layer?

The capsule is well organized and tightly attached. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Helping in the attachment to surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

How does a flagellum typically generate movement?

Through a combination of rotation and changing directions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the flagella of Gram negative bacteria?

They are anchored to the cell membrane with two sets of rings. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bacterial movement when a chemical attractant is present?

Bacteria exhibit more running and less tumbling. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?

It provides rigidity and prevents the cell from bursting. Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are known to possess endoflagella?

Spirochetes Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Francisco Redi's experiments with decaying meat?

They demonstrated that decaying meat did not originate from microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes one of Koch's postulates?

The suspected pathogen must be present in every affected individual. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of DNA storage?

Eukaryotes store DNA in multiple linear chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical finding of John Snow during the cholera outbreak investigation?

The source of cholera was traced to a contaminated water pump. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key contribution of Florence Nightingale to epidemiology?

She utilized statistics to highlight preventable causes of death. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly reflects a limitation of Koch’s postulates?

Microbes can only cause diseases in specific hosts. Signup and view all the answers

How did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to reducing mortality rates in childbirth?

By introducing the practice of handwashing in lime solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the modern focus of germ theory include?

The study of antibody resistance and complex diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Hooke discover when he observed cork under a microscope?

The existence of cells which he termed 'cells'. Signup and view all the answers

What components do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two monomers involved in the structure of peptidoglycan?

N-acetylglucosamine (NA)G and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of Gram positive bacterial cell walls?

Thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids Signup and view all the answers

What role does lipid A play in Gram negative bacteria?

It serves as an endotoxin that triggers an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

How do porins in Gram negative bacterial cells contribute to virulence?

By selectively permitting nutrients while blocking antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

It is a dynamic and flexible structure with a phospholipid bilayer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary storage form of energy in cells?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones, while catabolic reactions break down large molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What best defines enzymes during biochemical reactions?

They act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are endospores and when are they formed?

Dormant structures formed by bacteria during harsh environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cofactors from coenzymes?

Cofactors are non-protein, inorganic molecules, while coenzymes are organic molecules derived from vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Organisms

Hierarchical classification: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Organisms written using binomial nomenclature: Both names italicized, genus capitalized.

Prokaryotic Classification

Bergey's Manual provides information for classifying and identifying prokaryotes.

Metric Measurements

Meter to millimeter equivalents:
- Decimeter: 1/10
- Centimeter: 1/100
- Millimeter: 1/1000
- Micrometer: 1/1,000,000
- Nanometer: 1/1,000,000,000
Human eye limitation: Can see structures down to 1mm or 100 micrometers.

Cell Sizes

Average sizes:
- Animal cell: 10 micrometers
- Bacterial cell: 1 micrometer
- Virus: 0.1 micrometer

Viruses

Viruses are distinct; do not fit within the three domains of life.

Bacterial Cell Structure

Basic components: Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
Common shapes: Bacilli (rod), Cocci (spherical), Spirilla (spiral), Spirochetes (corkscrew), Vibrio (comma-shaped).

Archaea

Notable for surviving extreme environments: high temperatures, extreme pH levels.

Algae Applications

Used in biofuels, food products, pharmaceuticals, and production of oxygen in water.

Protozoa Classification

Classified by movement mechanisms: cilia, flagella, pseudopodia.

Fungi Characteristics

Can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold).
Act as decomposers and thrive in warm, moist environments.
Yeast: Unicellular, used in food and can cause disease.
Mold: Multicellular, used in pharmaceuticals, can cause allergies.

Helminths

Multicellular parasitic worms that produce microscopic eggs and larvae causing diseases.

Virus Structure and Living Status

Composed of DNA or RNA.
Considered non-living since they do not reproduce or metabolize independently.

Subfields of Microbiology

Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
Mycology: Study of fungi.
Protozoology: Study of protozoa.
Parasitology: Study of parasites like helminths.
Virology: Study of viruses.
Immunology: Study of immune system.

Abiogenesis and Historical Experiments

Abiogenesis: Hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter.
Francisco Redi: Disproved spontaneous generation using decaying meat and fly eggs.
Louis Pasteur: Disproved spontaneous generation by showing microorganisms only grow in non-sterile broth.

Cell Theory and Historical Discoveries

Cell theory states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Robert Hooke: Discovered "cells" while examining cork under a microscope.
Germ theory states diseases result from microbial infections.

Key Contributions to Epidemiology

Ignaz Semmelweis: Promoted handwashing, reducing childbirth mortality.
John Snow: Identified cholera outbreak source via mapping.
Joseph Lister: Used carbolic acid to reduce postoperative infections.
Florence Nightingale: Used statistics to show preventable death causes.

Koch’s Postulates

Microbe present in disease cases.
Can be cultured outside the body.
Must cause disease in healthy hosts.
Can be reisolated from the experimental host.
Exceptions exist, including microbes that can't be cultured and hosts that are specific.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Structures

Shared structures: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA.
Prokaryotes: Circular DNA, bacterial flagella, lack organelles.
Eukaryotes: Linear DNA, membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Glycocalyx and Flagella

Glycocalyx: Gelatinous layer outside some bacteria, can be a capsule or slime layer.
Flagellum structure: Composed of filament, hook, basal body, providing mobility.

Differences in Bacterial Cell Walls

Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer, single membrane.
Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes the dynamic cell membrane, comprised of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Endospores

Highly resistant, dormant structures formed under extreme conditions.

Microbial Metabolism

Catabolic reactions: Breakdown large molecules to release energy.
Anabolic reactions: Build larger molecules using energy.
ATP is the energy currency in cells.
Enzymes: Catalysts for biochemical reactions, substrate binding at active sites, influenced by cofactors and coenzymes.

Glycolysis

Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules with two phases: Energy investment and energy payoff.

Glucose Catabolism

Aerobic respiration: Uses oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration: Uses alternative electron acceptors.
Fermentation: Occurs without oxygen or electron transport.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Biology Chapter 1.3, including the biological classification hierarchy and the proper usage of the binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. Additionally, it explores metric equivalents relevant to biological measurements, such as millimeters and nanometers.