Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a thrombus, embolus, and embolism?

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an undamaged blood vessel. If the thrombus breaks loose and starts moving, it becomes an embolus. If that embolus continues to travel and reaches a blood vessel that is too small, it will get stuck and become an embolism.

What is the purpose of Virchow's triad?

Demonstrate the underlying physiology that drives the formation of a thrombus.

What are the 3 factors involved in the pathogenesis of intravascular clotting (Virchow's Triad)?

Slowing or stasis of blood, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability.

What are the two types of venous thrombosis?

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Signup and view all the answers

Where do most thrombi occur?

Legs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of thrombosis?

Venous (vein) and arterial (artery). Signup and view all the answers

What are the predisposing factors for venous thrombosis?

Prolonged bed rest, varicose veins, increased blood coagulability, and impaired milking action. Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible outcomes of venous thrombosis?

Leg swelling and pulmonary embolism. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the damage caused by a large pulmonary embolism.

A large PE may completely block pulmonary artery or main branches but does not infarct the lung due to collateral blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the damage caused by a small pulmonary embolism.

A small PE can pass through the pulmonary arteries and lodge into peripheral arteries that supply the lower lobes, potentially causing infarct and necrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of a large pulmonary embolism?

Dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, sudden death. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of a small pulmonary embolism?

Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, hemoptysis. Signup and view all the answers

How would an x-ray help you diagnose pulmonary embolism?

Detects infarct but not embolus. Signup and view all the answers

How would a CT be helpful in diagnosing pulmonary embolism?

Detects embolus indicated by obstructed flow of contrast. Signup and view all the answers

How can PE be prevented?

Ambulation, compression stockings, low dose anticoagulants, IVC filter if needed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of arterial thrombosis?

Injury to vessel wall from arteriosclerosis, causing ulceration and roughening of arterial lining with thrombi formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is gangrene?

Necrosis caused by inadequate blood supply. Signup and view all the answers

What are intracardiac thrombi?

Blood clot within the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest risk with intracardiac thrombi?

Distal embolization causing infarction of the spleen, kidneys, or brain. Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that can lead to thrombosis via increased coagulability?

Rise in coagulation factors due to increased coagulability, increased clotting factors due to contraceptive use, hereditary gene mutations, release of thromboplastic materials due to tumor deposits. Signup and view all the answers

Where is edema usually first found?

Ankles and legs. Signup and view all the answers

What four factors regulate fluid flow between capillaries and interstitial tissue?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary permeability, osmotic pressure, lymphatic channels. Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic channels control fluid balance?

Removing fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to the veins. Signup and view all the answers

How does capillary hydrostatic pressure affect fluid balance?

Pushes fluid from the capillaries to the extracellular space. Signup and view all the answers

What is pitting edema?

Edema that leaves an imprint when touched. Signup and view all the answers

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid in the pleural space (the layers of tissue that line the outside of your lungs and the inside of your chest). Signup and view all the answers

What is ascites?

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What is shock?

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough blood to the body. It is always life-threatening. Signup and view all the answers

What are the categories of shock?

Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Septic, and Anaphylactic. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypovolemic shock?

Low blood volume leading to low blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiogenic shock?

Inadequate cardiac output despite sufficient vascular volume. Signup and view all the answers

How is septic shock different from anaphylactic shock?

Anaphylactic shock is caused by an allergic reaction; septic shock is caused by infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylactic shock?

Excessive vasodilation from the release of inflammatory mediators due to severe allergic reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of shock?

Rapid shallow breathing, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, low blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for shock?

Drugs that increase vasodilation, use of IV fluids to restore blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Thrombus: a blood clot that develops in an intact blood vessel.
Embolus: a thrombus that detaches and travels through the bloodstream.
Embolism: occurs when an embolus lodges in a smaller blood vessel, blocking blood flow.
Virchow's Triad identifies three factors for thrombus formation: blood stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.
Two types of venous thrombosis: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Most thrombi are located in the legs, typically leading to venous complications.
Types of thrombosis: venous and arterial.
Predisposing factors for venous thrombosis include prolonged bed rest, varicose veins, increased blood coagulability, and ineffective venous pumping.
Outcomes of venous thrombosis may include leg swelling or pulmonary embolism.

Effects of Pulmonary Embolism

A large pulmonary embolism can block major pulmonary arteries, but may not cause lung infarction due to collateral circulation.
A small pulmonary embolism may occlude peripheral arteries, leading to lung segment infarction and necrosis.
Signs of a large PE include dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, and potential sudden death.
Signs of a small PE include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, and hemoptysis.
Chest x-ray can detect lung infarcts but not identify the presence of an embolus.
CT scans are effective in diagnosing PE via observation of obstructed blood flow.

Prevention and Risks

Preventive measures for PE include ambulation, compression stockings, low-dose anticoagulants, and possibly IVC filters.
Arterial thrombosis usually results from vessel wall injury due to arteriosclerosis, leading to plaque formation.
Gangrene refers to tissue necrosis caused by inadequate blood supply.
Intracardiac thrombi are blood clots formed within the heart, posing risks of distal embolization affecting organs like the spleen and brain.

Fluid Management and Edema

Increased coagulability can lead to thrombosis due to factors like hormonal contraceptives, genetic mutations, and tumor-associated thromboplastic substances.
Edema typically first manifests in the ankles and legs.
Four key factors regulating capillary fluid flow: capillary hydrostatic pressure, permeability, osmotic pressure, and lymphatic channels.
Lymphatic channels play a critical role in maintaining fluid balance by removing interstitial fluid.
Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into extracellular spaces.
Pitting edema leaves an imprint when pressure is applied.

Shock

Pleural effusion indicates fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs.
Ascites refers to fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
Shock is a life-threatening condition resulting from failure in the circulatory system to adequately perfuse body tissues.
Categories of shock: hypovolemic (low blood volume), cardiogenic (inadequate heart output), septic (infection-related), and anaphylactic (allergic reaction).
Symptoms of shock include rapid shallow breathing, cold and clammy skin, weak rapid pulse, and low blood pressure.
Treatment includes vasodilatory medications and intravenous fluids for volume restoration.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Chapter 12 of Biology. This chapter covers important concepts such as thrombus, embolus, and embolism, as well as Virchow's triad. Each card provides a definition to deepen your understanding of these terms.