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Biology Chapter 12: Eukaryotic Chromosomes
37 Questions
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Biology Chapter 12: Eukaryotic Chromosomes

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Questions and Answers

What phase comes immediately after Prophase in mitosis?

  • Prometaphase (correct)
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Metaphase

    • Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with the earlier stages of mitosis.

    False

    Who developed dyes to observe chromosomes?

    Walther Flemming

    The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell is called __________.

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cellular components with their functions:

    <p>Centrosome = Organizes microtubules Nucleolus = Produces ribosomes Chromatids = Identical copies of a chromosome Cytoskeleton = Provides structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for holding sister chromatids together?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes become visible when they are in their highly condensed state.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of a eukaryotic chromosome during observation?

    <p>20 micrometers (μm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kinetochore microtubules during mitosis?

    <p>To move chromosomes back and forth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anaphase is the longest stage of mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prophase, the __________ envelope fragments.

    <p>nuclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of mitosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope fragments Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled apart Telophase = Nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes de-condense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cohesion proteins during anaphase?

    <p>They are cleaved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The centrosomes move toward each other during mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of centrosomes apart during prophase?

    <p>Lengthening microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human somatic cells?

    <p>23 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A karyotype displays chromosomes in a random order.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do the two daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two chromosomes in a homologous pair called?

    <p>homologous chromosomes or homologs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms around the daughter chromosomes during telophase?

    <p>Nuclear envelopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes in a homologous pair carry genes controlling the same inherited ________.

    <p>characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Karyotype = An ordered display of chromosomes Homologous chromosomes = Chromosomes that are the same length and shape Chromatids = Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere Somatic cells = Any cell other than a gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have _____ collections of chromosomes.

    <p>equivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to spindle microtubules during late telophase?

    <p>They are depolymerized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes become more condensed during telophase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appears shortly after the end of mitosis?

    <p>Two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their corresponding features:

    <p>Cytokinesis in animal cells = Formation of cleavage furrow Cytokinesis in plant cells = Formation of cell plate Anaphase = Movement of daughter chromosomes Telophase = Reappearance of nucleoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Cleavage furrow formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell plate formation is a characteristic of animal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control?

    <p>Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During __________, the chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate.

    <p>metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of mitosis with their characteristics:

    <p>Prophase = Chromosomes condense and become visible Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the cell equator Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate and move apart Telophase = Nuclear envelope reforms around daughter nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cells?

    <p>Contractile ring of microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleolus disappears during prophase of mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The centrosome is duplicated during the __________ phase of interphase.

    <p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chromosomes and Cell Division

    • Walther Flemming developed chromosome dyes in 1882, enabling the observation of stained chromosomes.
    • Eukaryotic chromosomes, visible in the nucleus, are typically about 20 micrometers in size.
    • Chromosomes appear as purple stained structures with red cytoskeletal threads in the surrounding cytoplasm during cell division.

    Mitosis Phases

    • Mitosis consists of five distinct stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
    • Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs concurrently with the final stages of mitosis.

    Interphase

    • The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, which contains one or more nucleoli.
    • In preparation for mitosis, centrosomes duplicate, forming two centrosomes, each containing two centrioles.
    • Chromosomes, previously duplicated during the S phase, are initially invisible due to their non-condensed state.

    Prophase

    • Chromatin coils tightly to form visible sister chromatids joined at their centromeres.
    • The mitotic spindle starts forming, and centrosomes separate, propelled by elongating microtubules.

    Prometaphase

    • The nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing microtubules to enter the nuclear area.
    • Chromosomes condense further, and kinetochores develop on each chromatid, facilitating movement.

    Metaphase

    • Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, an equidistant plane between the spindle's poles.
    • Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite poles.

    Anaphase

    • Cohesion proteins are cleaved, separating sister chromatids into individual chromosomes.
    • Daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell, elongating the cell.

    Telophase

    • Two daughter nuclei form, as nuclear envelopes regenerate from the parent cell's fragments.
    • Chromosomes de-condense, nucleoli reappear, and any remaining spindle microtubules disassemble.

    Cytokinesis

    • In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cell into two, while in plant cells, a cell plate develops to separate daughter cells.

    Cell Cycle Regulation

    • Cell cycle control involves two regulatory proteins: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

    Human Chromosomes

    • Human somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
    • A karyotype displays the ordered arrangement of these chromosome pairs.
    • Homologous chromosomes are identical in length and shape, carrying genes for the same inherited traits.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of eukaryotic chromosomes as highlighted in Chapter 12. Learn about Walther Flemming's contribution in 1882, and how specific dyes allow us to observe these crucial structures within the cell. Understand the relationship between chromosomes and cell division.

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