Questions and Answers
What makes up the cardiovascular component of the circulatory system?
A central pump, the heart, provides the force to move the blood through a system of blood vessels that extend throughout the body.
What makes up the lymphatic component of the circulatory system?
It has fluid (lymph) that circulates through a system of vessels and then drains into venous blood.
What is the function of the heart?
The heart provides the force necessary to circulate the blood to all the tissues in the body.
How large is the average human heart?
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Describe the fibrous pericardium.
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What is the function of the epicardium?
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What makes up the myocardium?
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Why does the endocardium have a smooth surface?
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What type of blood enters the right atrium?
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The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?
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The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?
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What is the interarterial septum?
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What is the function of the right ventricle?
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What is the function of the left ventricle?
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Why does the left ventricle have a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?
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What is the interventricular septum?
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Describe the location and function of the tricuspid valve.
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Describe the location and function of the bicuspid valve.
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Describe the location and function of the pulmonary semilunar valve.
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Describe the location and function of the aortic semilunar valve.
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Starting with the right atrium, trace the path of the blood through the heart.
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What are the names of the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen?
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What is the function of the SA node?
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What is the function of the AV node?
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What structures transmit the heart's impulse from the AV node to the ventricles?
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What occurs during atrial systole?
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What happens during ventricular systole?
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What causes the heart sounds 'lubb' and 'dupp'?
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What causes a heart murmur?
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What is the total blood volume for a woman?
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What is the total blood volume for a man?
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How does blood function as transportation in the body?
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How does blood function to regulate the body?
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How does blood function as protection for the body?
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What percentage of the blood is made up of plasma?
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What percentage of the blood is made up of red blood cells?
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What makes up the buffy coat?
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What is the function of albumins?
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What is the function of globulins?
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What is the function of fibrinogen?
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What are the waste products of protein metabolism?
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What seven cells develop from a hemocytoblast?
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What is the normal range for a red blood count for an adult male?
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What is the normal range for a red blood count for an adult female?
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Describe the appearance of a mature red blood cell.
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What is the function of erythrocytes?
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What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes?
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What vitamins and minerals are necessary for the production of red blood cells?
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What is the function of the intrinsic factor?
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What condition results from a lack of the intrinsic factor?
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What is the life span of a red blood cell?
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What happens when a red blood cell is worn out?
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What is bilirubin?
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What is the normal range for a white blood count?
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Where do leukocytes do their work?
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What is diapedesis?
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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What causes an increase in neutrophils?
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What is the function of eosinophils?
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What is the function of substances secreted by a basophil?
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What is the function of lymphocytes?
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What causes an increase in lymphocytes?
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What are macrophages, and what is their function?
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Describe the appearance and list the normal range for neutrophils.
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Describe the appearance and list the normal range for eosinophils.
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Describe the appearance and list the normal range for basophils.
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Describe the appearance and list the normal range for lymphocytes.
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Describe the appearance and list the normal range for monocytes.
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What is another name for a thrombocyte?
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What is a megakaryocyte?
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What is the normal range for a platelet count?
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What is the function of thrombocytes?
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What is the term for the stoppage of bleeding?
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What is the function of serotonin secreted by platelets when a blood vessel is torn or cut?
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What is the function of a platelet plug?
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What are procoagulants?
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How does blood stay in a liquid form in blood vessels?
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What is necessary to convert inactive prothrombin to active thrombin?
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What is the function of thrombin?
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Why does a blood clot retract after it forms?
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What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type A?
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What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type B?
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What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type AB?
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What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type O?
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What does it mean if someone is Rh positive?
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What does it mean if someone is Rh negative?
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What is the function of arteries?
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What are the three layers that make up the wall of an artery?
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What makes up the wall of a capillary?
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What is the function of veins?
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Why can veins hold more blood than arteries?
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What is the function of venous valves?
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What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
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What is the function of the systemic circuit?
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Study Notes
Circulatory System Components
- Cardiovascular Component: Comprises the heart (central pump) and blood vessels for blood circulation throughout the body.
- Lymphatic Component: Consists of lymph fluid circulating through vessels that drain into venous blood.
Heart Structure and Function
- Heart Function: Circulates blood to all body tissues.
- Size: Average human heart measures about 9 cm wide and 12 cm long, similar to a closed fist.
- Epicardium: Nourishes the heart walls with blood vessels.
Pericardium Layers
- Fibrous Pericardium: Tough connective tissue layer.
- Parietal Pericardium: Serious membrane lining the fibrous pericardium.
- Visceral Pericardium: Layer reflecting onto the heart's surface.
Heart Chambers and Blood Flow
- Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
- Right Ventricle Function: Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
- Left Ventricle Function: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.
Septa and Valves
- Interatrial Septum: Separates the right and left atria.
- Interventricular Septum: Muscular partition between right and left ventricles.
- Valves: Ensure unidirectional blood flow; includes tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle), bicuspid (between left atrium and ventricle), pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar valves.
Blood Pathway
- Blood flow sequence begins at the right atrium, moving through various structures including valves and ventricles to lungs and the rest of the body.
Blood Volume and Composition
- Total Blood Volume: 4-5 liters for women and 5-6 liters for men.
- Composition: 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells; buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets.
Blood Functions
- Transportation: Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
- Regulation: Controls body temperature, electrolyte balance, and pH levels.
- Protection: Clotting mechanisms, immune response through leukocytes, and antibodies.
Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes: Lack a nucleus; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; lifespan of about 120 days.
- Leukocytes: Facilitate immune responses; types include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
- Thrombocytes (Platelets): Essential for blood clotting and vessel repair; normal range is 150,000-500,000/mm3.
Coagulation Process
- Procoagulants: Factors that promote blood clotting; anticoagulants keep blood fluid.
- Thrombin: Converts fibrinogen into fibrin, crucial for clot formation.
- Platelet Plug: Forms at injury sites to prevent blood loss.
Blood Types
-
ABO System:
- Type A: A antigen, B antibodies.
- Type B: B antigen, A antibodies.
- Type AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies.
- Type O: No antigens, A and B antibodies.
-
Rh Factor:
- Rh positive: Presence of Rh antigens.
- Rh negative: Absence of Rh antigens.
Vascular System
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart; walls consist of tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
- Veins: Carry blood toward the heart; thinner walls enable them to hold more blood.
- Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.
Circulatory Circuit
- Pulmonary Circuit: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
- Systemic Circuit: Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Aging Effects on the Circulatory System
- Left Ventricle: May become slightly smaller.
- Endocardium and Valves: Tend to thicken with age.
- Dysrhythmias: Become more frequent in older individuals.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the components of the circulatory system with these flashcards. This quiz covers the cardiovascular and lymphatic components, detailing their structure and functions. Perfect for students reviewing Chapter 12 in biology.