Biology Chapter 12: Circulatory System Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What makes up the cardiovascular component of the circulatory system?

A central pump, the heart, provides the force to move the blood through a system of blood vessels that extend throughout the body.

What makes up the lymphatic component of the circulatory system?

It has fluid (lymph) that circulates through a system of vessels and then drains into venous blood.

What is the function of the heart?

The heart provides the force necessary to circulate the blood to all the tissues in the body.

How large is the average human heart?

<p>On average, the heart is about 9 cm wide and 12 cm long, which is about the size of a closed fist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the fibrous pericardium.

<p>Consists of tough, white fibrous connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epicardium?

<p>The epicardium contains blood vessels and nourishes the heart walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the myocardium?

<p>The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the endocardium have a smooth surface?

<p>The smooth surface of the endocardium permits blood to move easily through the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood enters the right atrium?

<p>The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?

<p>The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the head, neck, and upper extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from what parts of the body?

<p>The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interarterial septum?

<p>The interarterial septum is a partition that separates the right and left atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right ventricle?

<p>The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the lungs, where it picks up a new supply of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left ventricle?

<p>The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the tissues of the whole body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

<p>The left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body, whereas the right ventricle sends blood only to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interventricular septum?

<p>The interventricular septum is the thick, muscular partition between the right and left ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and function of the tricuspid valve.

<p>Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It has three cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and function of the bicuspid valve.

<p>Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It has two cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and function of the pulmonary semilunar valve.

<p>Located at the exit of the right ventricle, it is the base of the pulmonary trunk. It has three cuplike cusps and prevents the flow of blood back into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and function of the aortic semilunar valve.

<p>Located at the exit of the left ventricle, it is in the base of the ascending aorta. It has three cuplike cusps and prevents the flow of blood back into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starting with the right atrium, trace the path of the blood through the heart.

<p>Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries [right and left], lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen?

<p>The aorta branches off into two main coronary blood vessels. These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the SA node?

<p>The SA node establishes the basic rhythm of the heartbeat and the impulses travel through the atrial myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the AV node?

<p>Cells in the AV node conduct impulses slower than other parts of the conduction system, so there is a brief delay as the impulses travel through the node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures transmit the heart's impulse from the AV node to the ventricles?

<p>The AV bundle, bundle branches, and conduction microfibers rapidly transmit impulses throughout all the ventricular myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during atrial systole?

<p>AV valves are open, both atria contract, ventricles are in diastole, and blood is forced into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventricular systole?

<p>AV valves close, atria are in diastole, ventricles contract, and semilunar valves open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the heart sounds 'lubb' and 'dupp'?

<p>The 'lubb' sound is caused by the closure of the AV valves, while the 'dupp' sound is caused by the closure of the SL valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a heart murmur?

<p>A heart murmur is caused by faulty valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total blood volume for a woman?

<p>4 to 5 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total blood volume for a man?

<p>5 to 6 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood function as transportation in the body?

<p>Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, transports carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys, and carries hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood function to regulate the body?

<p>Blood regulates body temperature by removing heat from skeletal muscles and moving it to other regions, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulates pH through the action of buffers in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood function as protection for the body?

<p>Blood protects the body through clotting mechanisms, phagocytic white blood cells, and antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the blood is made up of plasma?

<p>55% of blood volume is plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the blood is made up of red blood cells?

<p>45% of blood volume is made up of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the buffy coat?

<p>The buffy coat is a thin white layer that consists of white blood cells and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of albumins?

<p>Albumins contribute to osmotic pressure of blood and maintain fluid balance between blood and interstitial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of globulins?

<p>Globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood and provide immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen?

<p>Fibrinogen functions in blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the waste products of protein metabolism?

<p>Urea and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What seven cells develop from a hemocytoblast?

<p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for a red blood count for an adult male?

<p>4.5-6.2 million RBCs/cubic millimeter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for a red blood count for an adult female?

<p>4-5.5 million RBCs/cubic millimeter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance of a mature red blood cell.

<p>Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythrocytes?

<p>Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes?

<p>Renal erythropoietic factor (REF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamins and minerals are necessary for the production of red blood cells?

<p>Iron, Vitamin B12, and folic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intrinsic factor?

<p>The intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of B12 in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a lack of the intrinsic factor?

<p>Pernicious anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

<p>Approximately 120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a red blood cell is worn out?

<p>Macrophages remove them from circulation, and they are replaced by an equal number of new cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bilirubin?

<p>Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced by RBC destruction and becomes part of bile and secreted by the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for a white blood count?

<p>4,500-11,000 cells/mm3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do leukocytes do their work?

<p>Leukocytes do most of their work in the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diapedesis?

<p>Diapedesis happens when leukocytes move through the capillary walls into the tissue spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils?

<p>Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to respond to tissue damage and engulf bacteria by phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in neutrophils?

<p>The number of neutrophils increases during acute infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of eosinophils?

<p>Eosinophils neutralize histamine, destroy parasitic worms, and increase during allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of substances secreted by a basophil?

<p>Histamine dilates blood vessels, and heparin inhibits blood clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymphocytes?

<p>Lymphocytes are involved with the immune system and the production of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in lymphocytes?

<p>An increase in lymphocytes usually occurs with certain viral diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, and viral hepatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are macrophages, and what is their function?

<p>Macrophages are created when monocytes leave the blood and enter the tissues. They engulf bacteria and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance and list the normal range for neutrophils.

<p>They make up 50%-70% of the total WBCs and have a purple, multilobed nucleus with many fine granules in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance and list the normal range for eosinophils.

<p>They make up 1%-4% of WBCs and are characterized by a segmented nucleus and large granules that stain reddish orange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance and list the normal range for basophils.

<p>They make up 0%-1% of WBCs and have an S-shaped nucleus with large granules that stain dark bluish-black.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance and list the normal range for lymphocytes.

<p>They make up 20%-35% of WBCs, with a large round or slightly indented nucleus that stains deep purplish-blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the appearance and list the normal range for monocytes.

<p>They make up 3%-8% of WBCs, with a U-shaped nucleus surrounded by abundant grayish-blue cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a thrombocyte?

<p>Platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a megakaryocyte?

<p>Megakaryocytes are small fragments of large cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for a platelet count?

<p>Normal range for platelet cells ranges from 150,000 to 500,000 platelets/mm3 of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thrombocytes?

<p>Thrombocytes become sticky and clump together to form platelet plugs that close breaks and tears in blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stoppage of bleeding?

<p>Homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of serotonin secreted by platelets when a blood vessel is torn or cut?

<p>It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the vessel wall and prolongs vascular constriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a platelet plug?

<p>It closes tears in minute blood vessels so that there is no blood loss or damage to surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are procoagulants?

<p>Procoagulants are factors in the blood that promote clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood stay in a liquid form in blood vessels?

<p>Normally, anticoagulants predominate and override procoagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to convert inactive prothrombin to active thrombin?

<p>In the presence of calcium ions and prothrombin activator, prothrombin is converted from inactive to active form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thrombin?

<p>Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen into active fibrin in the presence of calcium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a blood clot retract after it forms?

<p>Fibrin strands contract, pulling the edges of the damaged tissue closer together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type A?

<p>A antigen and B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type B?

<p>B antigen and A antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type AB?

<p>A and B antigens and neither A nor B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What antigens and antibodies occur with blood type O?

<p>Neither A nor B antigens and A and B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if someone is Rh positive?

<p>They have Rh antigens on the surface of their RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if someone is Rh negative?

<p>They do not have the Rh antigen in their RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries?

<p>Arteries carry blood away from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers that make up the wall of an artery?

<p>The tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the wall of a capillary?

<p>The capillary wall consists of a thin endothelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of veins?

<p>Veins carry blood toward the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can veins hold more blood than arteries?

<p>Veins hold more blood because their walls are thinner and less rigid than those of arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of venous valves?

<p>Venous valves keep blood flowing toward the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

<p>It transports blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returns it to the left side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

<p>It provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular Component

The heart, which acts like a pump, and the blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic Component

A system of vessels that carry lymph fluid, which eventually drains into the bloodstream.

What is the main function of the heart?

The main function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

What is the approximate size of the human heart?

The heart is roughly the size of a closed fist, measuring about 9 cm wide and 12 cm long.

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What is the function of the epicardium?

The outer layer of the heart, the epicardium, contains blood vessels that nourish the heart walls.

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Fibrous Pericardium

A tough, protective outer layer made of connective tissue, surrounding the heart.

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Parietal Pericardium

A thin layer of tissue lining the fibrous pericardium, creating a space filled with lubricating fluid.

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Visceral Pericardium

A layer of tissue that directly covers the heart, continuous with the parietal pericardium.

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Right Atrium Function

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, which is then pumped to the right ventricle.

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Right Ventricle Function

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

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Left Ventricle Function

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.

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Interatrial Septum

A wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria.

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Interventricular Septum

A muscular wall that separates the right and left ventricles.

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Types of heart valves

Tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar valves. These valves ensure that blood flows in one direction through the heart chambers and to the lungs and body.

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Describe the blood flow sequence

Blood flow through the circulatory system begins at the right atrium, then moves to the right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta.

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What is the typical blood volume in adults?

The total amount of blood in an adult is typically 4-5 liters for women and 5-6 liters for men.

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What is the composition of blood?

Blood is made of 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, a small layer called the buffy coat containing white blood cells and platelets.

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What is the main role of blood in transportation?

Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

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What is the main role of blood in regulation?

Regulation of body temperature, electrolyte balance, and pH levels.

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What is the role of blood in protection?

Protection against infections through white blood cells and antibodies, as well as blood clotting mechanisms to prevent excess bleeding.

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What is the function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. They lack a nucleus and have a lifespan of about 120 days.

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What is the function of white blood cells?

White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of the immune system and defend against infections. There are different types, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

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What is the function of platelets?

Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are small cell fragments that play a vital role in blood clotting and vessel repair. A normal range is 150,000-500,000/mm3.

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Procoagulants and Anticoagulants

Procoagulants are substances that promote blood clotting, while anticoagulants prevent unnecessary clotting.

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What is the role of thrombin in the clotting process?

Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a mesh-like structure to trap blood cells and platelets, forming a clot.

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What is a platelet plug?

A platelet plug forms at the site of injury, acting as a temporary barrier to prevent further blood loss.

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What is the ABO blood type system?

The ABO system classifies blood types based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. Type A blood has antigen A, type B has antigen B, type AB has both, and type O has neither.

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What is the Rh factor?

The Rh factor is another blood type marker referring to the presence or absence of Rh antigens. People with Rh antigens are Rh positive, and those without are Rh negative.

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What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are microscopic vessels that enable nutrient and gas exchange with tissues.

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What are the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

The pulmonary circuit is the path that transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, while the systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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What are some age-related changes in the circulatory system?

The left ventricle may become slightly smaller with age, and the endocardium and heart valves tend to thicken. Dysrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats, become more frequent.

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Study Notes

Circulatory System Components

  • Cardiovascular Component: Comprises the heart (central pump) and blood vessels for blood circulation throughout the body.
  • Lymphatic Component: Consists of lymph fluid circulating through vessels that drain into venous blood.

Heart Structure and Function

  • Heart Function: Circulates blood to all body tissues.
  • Size: Average human heart measures about 9 cm wide and 12 cm long, similar to a closed fist.
  • Epicardium: Nourishes the heart walls with blood vessels.

Pericardium Layers

  • Fibrous Pericardium: Tough connective tissue layer.
  • Parietal Pericardium: Serious membrane lining the fibrous pericardium.
  • Visceral Pericardium: Layer reflecting onto the heart's surface.

Heart Chambers and Blood Flow

  • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
  • Right Ventricle Function: Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
  • Left Ventricle Function: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.

Septa and Valves

  • Interatrial Septum: Separates the right and left atria.
  • Interventricular Septum: Muscular partition between right and left ventricles.
  • Valves: Ensure unidirectional blood flow; includes tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle), bicuspid (between left atrium and ventricle), pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar valves.

Blood Pathway

  • Blood flow sequence begins at the right atrium, moving through various structures including valves and ventricles to lungs and the rest of the body.

Blood Volume and Composition

  • Total Blood Volume: 4-5 liters for women and 5-6 liters for men.
  • Composition: 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells; buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets.

Blood Functions

  • Transportation: Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
  • Regulation: Controls body temperature, electrolyte balance, and pH levels.
  • Protection: Clotting mechanisms, immune response through leukocytes, and antibodies.

Blood Cells

  • Erythrocytes: Lack a nucleus; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; lifespan of about 120 days.
  • Leukocytes: Facilitate immune responses; types include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets): Essential for blood clotting and vessel repair; normal range is 150,000-500,000/mm3.

Coagulation Process

  • Procoagulants: Factors that promote blood clotting; anticoagulants keep blood fluid.
  • Thrombin: Converts fibrinogen into fibrin, crucial for clot formation.
  • Platelet Plug: Forms at injury sites to prevent blood loss.

Blood Types

  • ABO System:
    • Type A: A antigen, B antibodies.
    • Type B: B antigen, A antibodies.
    • Type AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies.
    • Type O: No antigens, A and B antibodies.
  • Rh Factor:
    • Rh positive: Presence of Rh antigens.
    • Rh negative: Absence of Rh antigens.

Vascular System

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart; walls consist of tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
  • Veins: Carry blood toward the heart; thinner walls enable them to hold more blood.
  • Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.

Circulatory Circuit

  • Pulmonary Circuit: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
  • Systemic Circuit: Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Aging Effects on the Circulatory System

  • Left Ventricle: May become slightly smaller.
  • Endocardium and Valves: Tend to thicken with age.
  • Dysrhythmias: Become more frequent in older individuals.

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Test your knowledge of the components of the circulatory system with these flashcards. This quiz covers the cardiovascular and lymphatic components, detailing their structure and functions. Perfect for students reviewing Chapter 12 in biology.

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