Biology Chapter 12: Circulatory System Flashcards

A central pump, the heart, provides the force to move the blood through a system of blood vessels that extend throughout the body.

It has fluid (lymph) that circulates through a system of vessels and then drains into venous blood.

The heart provides the force necessary to circulate the blood to all the tissues in the body.

<p>On average, the heart is about 9 cm wide and 12 cm long, which is about the size of a closed fist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consists of tough, white fibrous connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epicardium contains blood vessels and nourishes the heart walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smooth surface of the endocardium permits blood to move easily through the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the head, neck, and upper extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interarterial septum is a partition that separates the right and left atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the lungs, where it picks up a new supply of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the tissues of the whole body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body, whereas the right ventricle sends blood only to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interventricular septum is the thick, muscular partition between the right and left ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It has three cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It has two cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Located at the exit of the right ventricle, it is the base of the pulmonary trunk. It has three cuplike cusps and prevents the flow of blood back into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Located at the exit of the left ventricle, it is in the base of the ascending aorta. It has three cuplike cusps and prevents the flow of blood back into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries [right and left], lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aorta branches off into two main coronary blood vessels. These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SA node establishes the basic rhythm of the heartbeat and the impulses travel through the atrial myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells in the AV node conduct impulses slower than other parts of the conduction system, so there is a brief delay as the impulses travel through the node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The AV bundle, bundle branches, and conduction microfibers rapidly transmit impulses throughout all the ventricular myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV valves are open, both atria contract, ventricles are in diastole, and blood is forced into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV valves close, atria are in diastole, ventricles contract, and semilunar valves open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'lubb' sound is caused by the closure of the AV valves, while the 'dupp' sound is caused by the closure of the SL valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heart murmur is caused by faulty valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 to 5 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 to 6 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, transports carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys, and carries hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood regulates body temperature by removing heat from skeletal muscles and moving it to other regions, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulates pH through the action of buffers in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood protects the body through clotting mechanisms, phagocytic white blood cells, and antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>55% of blood volume is plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45% of blood volume is made up of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The buffy coat is a thin white layer that consists of white blood cells and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumins contribute to osmotic pressure of blood and maintain fluid balance between blood and interstitial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood and provide immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen functions in blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5-6.2 million RBCs/cubic millimeter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-5.5 million RBCs/cubic millimeter of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal erythropoietic factor (REF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron, Vitamin B12, and folic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of B12 in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pernicious anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages remove them from circulation, and they are replaced by an equal number of new cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced by RBC destruction and becomes part of bile and secreted by the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4,500-11,000 cells/mm3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytes do most of their work in the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diapedesis happens when leukocytes move through the capillary walls into the tissue spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to respond to tissue damage and engulf bacteria by phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of neutrophils increases during acute infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils neutralize histamine, destroy parasitic worms, and increase during allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine dilates blood vessels, and heparin inhibits blood clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes are involved with the immune system and the production of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in lymphocytes usually occurs with certain viral diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, and viral hepatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages are created when monocytes leave the blood and enter the tissues. They engulf bacteria and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make up 50%-70% of the total WBCs and have a purple, multilobed nucleus with many fine granules in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make up 1%-4% of WBCs and are characterized by a segmented nucleus and large granules that stain reddish orange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make up 0%-1% of WBCs and have an S-shaped nucleus with large granules that stain dark bluish-black.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make up 20%-35% of WBCs, with a large round or slightly indented nucleus that stains deep purplish-blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make up 3%-8% of WBCs, with a U-shaped nucleus surrounded by abundant grayish-blue cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megakaryocytes are small fragments of large cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal range for platelet cells ranges from 150,000 to 500,000 platelets/mm3 of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytes become sticky and clump together to form platelet plugs that close breaks and tears in blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the vessel wall and prolongs vascular constriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It closes tears in minute blood vessels so that there is no blood loss or damage to surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procoagulants are factors in the blood that promote clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normally, anticoagulants predominate and override procoagulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the presence of calcium ions and prothrombin activator, prothrombin is converted from inactive to active form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen into active fibrin in the presence of calcium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrin strands contract, pulling the edges of the damaged tissue closer together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A antigen and B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B antigen and A antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A and B antigens and neither A nor B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neither A nor B antigens and A and B antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have Rh antigens on the surface of their RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not have the Rh antigen in their RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries carry blood away from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capillary wall consists of a thin endothelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins carry blood toward the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins hold more blood because their walls are thinner and less rigid than those of arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous valves keep blood flowing toward the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transports blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returns it to the left side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers