Biology Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
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Questions and Answers

What is cell division?

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.

What is cytokinesis?

The second stage of cell division; division of the cytoplasm.

What is mitosis?

The first stage of cell division; division of the nucleus.

What is a chromatid?

<p>A chromosome is made of two 'sister' versions of this; one of these goes to each new daughter cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

<p>The area in which the chromatids are attached; usually located near the middle of the chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

<p>Phase of the cell cycle made up of G1 phase, S phase, and G2; a period of growth within the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell cycle?

<p>The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in prophase?

<p>The chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions at the sides of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centriole?

<p>A tiny structure (one of two) located in the nuclear envelope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a spindle?

<p>A fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in metaphase?

<p>The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell; each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in anaphase?

<p>The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in telophase?

<p>The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes begin to form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cyclin?

<p>A protein that helps regulate the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two reasons that cells divide rather than continue growing larger?

<p>The cell has trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane; the limited DNA of the cell is not able to meet the needs of the larger cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

As a cell increases in size, which increases more rapidly: its surface area or its volume?

<p>Volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the G1 phase?

<p>Cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the S phase?

<p>DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the G2 phase?

<p>Preparation for mitosis and 'check'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

<p>In plant cells, the cell wall divides the cytoplasm, but in animal cells, the cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an internal cell regulator?

<p>Some regulatory proteins prevent a cell from entering mitosis before it has duplicated all of its chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an external cell regulator?

<p>Growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between internal and external cell regulators?

<p>Internal cell regulators help regulate activity inside the cell, while external cell regulators regulate activity outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some cells that replicate constantly?

<p>Cancer cells, skin cells, cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is cell division?

Cell division is a fundamental process where a cell divides into two daughter cells. It's essential for growth and reproduction in organisms.

What is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the second stage of cell division where the cytoplasm, the material outside the nucleus, splits to form two new cells.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the first stage of cell division that focuses on the nucleus of the cell. It's when the genetic material is copied and divided.

What are chromatids?

Chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, joined together by a centromere. During cell division, one chromatid goes to each new cell.

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What is a centromere?

Centromeres are the points where sister chromatids are connected. They ensure that during division, each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

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What is interphase?

Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle. It consists of three phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis).

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What is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is a series of steps a cell goes through from birth, through growth, to division. It's a continuous cycle ensuring new cells are created.

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What happens during prophase?

Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis. During this stage, chromosomes become visible, centrioles move apart, and spindle fibers begin to form.

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What happens during metaphase?

During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle or equator of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

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What happens during anaphase?

Anaphase is the phase where sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes, and move to opposite ends of the cell.

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What happens during telophase?

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

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What are cyclins?

Cyclins are special proteins that control the timing of the cell cycle. They act as internal signals to trigger different phases of division.

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What are internal regulators?

Internal regulators are proteins within the cell that ensure the steps of cell division happen in the correct order.

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What are external regulators?

External regulators are signals from outside the cell that influence its division, like growth factors that can stimulate or inhibit cell growth.

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Why do cells prefer to divide rather than just grow bigger?

Cells generally prefer to divide rather than grow too large. This is because larger cells have trouble transporting nutrients and waste efficiently.

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How does surface area and volume relate to cell division?

As a cell grows, its volume (the space inside) increases faster than its surface area (the outside). This can lead to inefficiencies in moving things in and out.

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What happens in the G1 phase?

The G1 phase is the first phase of interphase where the cell grows and produces organelles and proteins needed for division.

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What happens in the S phase?

The S phase is the second phase of interphase where DNA replication occurs, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

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What happens in the G2 phase?

The G2 phase is the final phase of interphase where the cell prepares for mitosis by making final checks and producing necessary proteins.

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How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?

Cytokinesis is different in plants and animals. In plants, a cell plate forms to create a new cell wall, while in animals, the cell membrane pinches inward to separate the cells.

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What are some examples of cells that divide frequently?

Cancer cells, skin cells, and muscle cells (cardiac and skeletal) are examples of cells that frequently replicate due to their roles in growth, repair, and specialized functions.

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Study Notes

  • Cell division involves a cell splitting into two new daughter cells, essential for growth and reproduction.
  • Cytokinesis is the second stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, following mitosis.
  • Mitosis refers to the first stage of cell division, specifically the division of the nucleus.

Chromosomal Structures

  • Chromatids are sister copies of chromosomes, with one chromatid allocated to each daughter cell during division.
  • Centromeres are the regions where sister chromatids are joined, crucial for chromosomal stability during division.

Cell Cycle Phases

  • Interphase consists of G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis), accounting for the majority of the cell cycle.
  • The cell cycle is a series of processes through which cells grow and divide.

Stages of Mitosis

  • Prophase is the initial and longest stage of mitosis, where chromosomes become visible, centrioles separate, and spindle fibers begin to form.
  • Metaphase involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator, with spindle fibers connecting to centromeres.
  • Anaphase marks the separation of sister chromatids into individual chromosomes, moving them apart.
  • Telophase concludes mitosis; chromosomes reach opposite poles and nuclear envelopes start forming around them.

Regulatory Proteins

  • Cyclins are proteins that play a role in regulating the timing of the cell cycle.
  • Internal regulators control activities within the cell, ensuring processes occur sequentially, like delaying mitosis until all DNA is replicated.
  • External regulators, such as growth factors, influence cell division from outside the cell.

Size Limitations and Cell Division

  • Cells prefer to divide rather than continue expanding due to difficulties in nutrient and waste transport along with limited DNA capacity.
  • As a cell grows, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area, leading to potential inefficiencies.

Cell Division Specifics

  • G1 Phase is dedicated to cellular growth.
  • S Phase is focused on DNA replication.
  • G2 Phase involves final preparations and checks before mitosis.
  • Cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells; plant cells form a new cell wall while animal cells pinch the membrane to create two separate cells.

Constant Replication

  • Certain cells, including cancer cells, skin cells, and muscle cells (cardiac and skeletal) replicate frequently, highlighting their importance in growth and repair.

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Explore key concepts in cell growth and division with these flashcards. This quiz covers important terms such as cell division, cytokinesis, and mitosis, helping you deepen your understanding of cellular processes. Perfect for students studying biology.

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