Biology Chapter 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Define Anatomy?

The study of the structures found within the body and the relationship to one another.

Define Physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

Match the following levels of organization with their definitions:

Atom = Smallest unit of matter Cell = Smallest unit of life Tissue = Group of similar cells that work together Organs = Group of similar tissues that work together Organ System = Group of organs that work together for a common goal Organism = Organ systems working together to sustain life

What is a characteristic of life that involves responding to stimuli?

Responsiveness (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

Photosynthesis (E) Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Plane cuts the body vertically into right and left parts.

Sagittal Signup and view all the answers

The ______

Frontal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardium?

To protect the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleurae?

To protect the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peritoneum?

To protect the abdominopelvic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback reduces the original stimulus.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main elements that make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are the main elements that make up lipids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are the main elements that make up proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the main elements that make up nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

The process of building polymers by removing water. Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

The process of breaking polymers back into monomers by adding water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

The nucleus is the brain of the cell, containing DNA instructions and controlling cellular activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough ER?

The rough ER manufactures proteins and synthesizes phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus processes and modifies proteins and sends them to their destinations in vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centrosome?

The centrosome generates microtubules and contains centrioles, which are essential for cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondria?

The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing most of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane acts as a barrier, regulating what enters and exits the cell and maintaining its internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microtubules?

Microtubules provide structural support for the cell, help maintain its shape, and assist in the movement of organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of vesicles?

Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials around the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell, where translation occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

The cell grows and synthesizes proteins and organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers form. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in cytokinesis?

The cytoplasm completely divides, forming two separate daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Passive transport requires ATP.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Active transport does not need ATP.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue forms boundaries, protects, secretes substances, absorbs, and filters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of connective tissue?

Connective tissue supports, protects, binds other tissues together, and helps with movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue contracts to cause movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Nervous tissue transmits signals, controls body functions, and helps with communication. Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue is avascular.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue is innervated.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Simple squamous epithelium allows for diffusion and filtration, providing a thin barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Simple cuboidal epithelium is involved in secretion and absorption processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

Simple columnar epithelium is involved in absorption, secretion, and protecting the body from harmful substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?

Pseudostratified epithelium involves secretion, particularly of mucus, and moves substances using cilia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Stratified squamous epithelium protects underlying tissues from abrasion and trauma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found in areas where protection is needed, such as the sweat glands and the larger ducts of some glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Stratified columnar epithelium is found in areas that require protection and secretion, such as the lining of the male urethra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

Transitional epithelium allows for stretching and expansion, adjusting to changes in volume. Signup and view all the answers

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Endocrine glands secrete hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions?

Endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

Areolar connective tissue supports and binds other tissues, acting as a universal packing material. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Adipose tissue provides insulation, stores energy, and cushions organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

Dense regular tissue attaches muscles to bones and bones to bones, providing great tensile strength. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of elastic connective tissue?

Elastic connective tissue allows tissues to recoil after stretching, providing flexibility and resilience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, larynx, and the ends of bones, providing support, cushioning, and flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Elastic cartilage provides flexibility and support, found in the external ear and epiglottis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Fibrocartilage provides shock absorption and strong support, found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of blood tissue?

Blood tissue carries nutrients, gases, wastes, and other substances throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle, also known as voluntary muscle, is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Smooth muscle propels substances, such as food and urine, through internal passageways, found in the walls of hollow organs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial?

The five major layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial, are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the stratum corneum?

The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, protects the body from the environment, waterproofs the skin, and acts as a physical barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two layers of the dermis?

The two layers of the dermis are the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

Eccrine sweat glands secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin, helping to regulate body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for skin cancer?

The main risk factors for skin cancer are overexposure to UV radiation and frequent irritation of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Where is basal cell carcinoma found and how is it treated?

Basal cell carcinoma is found in the stratum basale and is typically treated with surgical excision. Signup and view all the answers

Where is squamous cell carcinoma found and how is it treated?

Squamous cell carcinoma is found in the stratum spinosum and is treated with radiation therapy or surgery. Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells are melanomas found in and why is it considered the most deadly?

Melanomas are found in melanocytes and are considered the most deadly due to their high metastatic potential and resistance to chemotherapy. Signup and view all the answers

What does the A in the ABCD rule for melanoma stand for?

Asymmetry (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the B in the ABCD rule stand for?

Border (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate threat of a burn?

The immediate threat of a burn is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Signup and view all the answers

When is a burn considered a medical emergency?

A burn is considered a medical emergency when more than 25% of the body has second-degree burns, more than 10% of the body has third-degree burns, or if the face, hands, or feet have third-degree burns. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burns?

First-degree burns only damage the epidermis, causing redness and pain. Second-degree burns damage both the epidermis and dermis, causing blisters and pain. Third-degree burns damage all layers of skin, including the subcutaneous fat, resulting in charred or white/grey skin and often a lack of pain due to nerve damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone is dense and solid, found in the outer layer of bones, and provides strength and support. Spongy bone is less dense, with spaces filled with bone marrow, found in the inner layer of bones, and provides flexibility and lightweight support. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone tissue, dissolving the bony matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is red bone marrow and where is it found?

Red bone marrow is a specialized tissue found in spongy bone, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What are the classifications of bones?

Bones are classified as long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint?

A joint, also known as an articulation, is the point where two or more bones meet. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of joints?

The three types of joints are synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable). Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of synovial joints?

The types of synovial joints are ball-and-socket, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, and gliding joints. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of bone fractures?

The types of bone fractures are greenstick, fissured, comminuted, transverse, oblique, and spiral. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a simple fracture and an open fracture?

A simple fracture is a break that does not break the skin, keeping the bone fragments contained. An open fracture is a break that breaks the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a bone spur?

A bone spur is a bony projection that forms on the edge of a bone, often due to repetitive stress or overuse. Signup and view all the answers

What is plantar fasciitis?

Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, causing heel pain and discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone density, making bones weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that involves wearing down of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility. Signup and view all the answers

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and ultimately joint damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is rickets?

Rickets is a condition characterized by soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency, leading to bone deformities, particularly in children. Signup and view all the answers

What is lordosis?

Lordosis is an exaggerated inward curvature of the lower spine, leading to a swayback appearance. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)?

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder that causes soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons, to be replaced by bone, progressively restricting movement and causing skeletal deformities. Signup and view all the answers

What is osteosarcoma?

Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer that primarily affects children and young adults, often attacking the long bones of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is anatomy?

The study of the structures of the body and their relationships to each other.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work together to sustain life.