Biology Chapter 1: Origin of Life and Cells

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for a stable ecosystem?

  • Recycling of materials between organisms and the environment
  • High biodiversity (correct)
  • Living organisms to convert energy
  • Constant supply of energy

What type of reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes?

  • Binary Fission
  • Budding
  • Sexual Reproduction (correct)
  • Parthenogenesis

Which process involves the division of an organism's body into two or more parts that develop into new individuals?

  • Budding
  • Fragmentation (correct)
  • Regeneration
  • Binary Fission

What distinguishes a monocious organism in terms of reproduction?

<p>It contains both male and female reproductive systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes parthenogenesis?

<p>Development of an embryo without fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem, which factor is considered abiotic?

<p>Weather (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization includes both abiotic and biotic factors interacting?

<p>Ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a community?

<p>All populations of different species interacting in a specific area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction occurs when both species benefit from their relationship?

<p>Mutualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which category do organisms that recycle dead matter into nutrients fall?

<p>Decomposers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes organisms that make their own food using inorganic materials?

<p>Producers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What situation describes competition in an ecosystem?

<p>Two species vying for the same limited resource. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of herbivores?

<p>They consume only plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the biosphere?

<p>The global sum of all ecosystems where life exists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines parasitism?

<p>One species benefits while the other is harmed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a food web illustrate in an ecosystem?

<p>Interactions among different food chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?

<p>1st Law of Thermodynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of gene transfer in genetic engineering?

<p>Gene cloning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

<p>Cut DNA into fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA region?

<p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions would be described as a predator-prey relationship?

<p>A lion hunting a zebra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process separates DNA fragments based on size using an electric charge?

<p>Gel electrophoresis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes the increase of disorder or randomness in a system according to thermodynamics?

<p>Entropy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chloroplast function

Chloroplasts capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy, using chlorophyll.

Plant vacuoles

Large organelles in plant cells that store food, water, and other substances.

Sexual Reproduction

Male and female gametes combine (fertilize), creating offspring with unique genetic material.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction where an organism's body divides into two new organisms, each getting a copy of the parent's DNA.

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Tubal Ligation

Surgical procedure that blocks fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy.

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Vasectomy

Surgical procedure to block the tubes carrying sperm, preventing pregnancy.

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Stable Ecosystem conditions

Stable ecosystems need 1. Energy source (sun), 2. Organisms to convert energy to food, 3. Material recycling between organisms and surroundings.

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Ecology

Branch of biology focusing on how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at a specific time and capable of interbreeding.

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Community

All the different populations of organisms interacting in a specific area.

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Ecosystem

Living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an area functioning together.

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Biosphere

All ecosystems on Earth, where life exists.

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Competition

Two species needing the same limited resource, like food or water.

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Symbiosis

Long-term interactions between two different species in a community.

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Parasitism

One species benefits while the other is harmed.

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Mutualism

Both species benefit from the interaction.

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Food Chain

A linear pathway showing energy transfer between organisms, where one organism eats another.

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Food Web

A complex network of interconnected food chains showing how different species eat and are eaten by various organisms.

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Energy Pyramid

A visual representation of energy flow in an ecosystem. It shows the decreasing amount of energy available at each trophic level.

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1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy (disorder) always increases in the universe, leading to energy loss as heat during transformations.

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

An organism with altered DNA, containing genes from a different species.

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Genetic Engineering

The process of modifying genetic material to achieve specific goals, involving gene transfer and recombination.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

Combining DNA fragments from different organisms, often different species, to create new DNA sequences.

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Study Notes

Week 1

  • Theories of the origin of life: Special Creation, Cosmozoic, Abiogenesis, Biogenesis
  • Abiogenesis: Life arises from non-living matter
  • Biogenesis: Life arises from pre-existing life
  • Oparin-Haldane hypothesis: Life arose gradually from inorganic molecules
  • Characteristics of life: Respond to environment, grow and develop, highly organized, need energy, evolve, regulate, reproduce, biodiversity is essential

Week 2

  • Cell theory: Cells are the basic unit of life
  • Robert Hooke: First viewed cells
  • Cells: Small rooms, basic structural unit of living things
  • Prokaryotic cells: Primitive, 3.5 bya, unicellular, no true nucleus, small size, few organelles
  • Eukaryotic cells: Advanced, 1.2 bya, multicellular, true nucleus, larger size, many organelles
  • Plant cell organelles: Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles
  • Animal cell organelles: Large vacuoles are not common

Week 3

  • Sexual reproduction: Unique offspring, requires mate, genetic variation, slower
  • Asexual reproduction: One parent, faster reproduction, less genetic variation
  • Monoecious/Hermaphrodites: Organisms with both male and female reproductive systems
  • Binary Fission: Simple asexual reproduction, organism divides into two
  • Budding: Outgrowths or buds develop
  • Fragmentation: An organism's body divides into parts
  • Vascectomy and Tubal ligation: Permanent methods of birth control

Week 4

  • Ecology: Study of organisms and their environments
  • Ecosystem: Geographic area where organisms and their physical surroundings interact
  • Levels of organization: Cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere
  • Three conditions of a stable ecosystem: Constant energy supply, organisms converting energy, recycling of materials

Week 5

  • Recombinant DNA Technology: Clones human genes in bacteria to produce insulin
  • Transgenes: expressing DNA from other species
  • Genetic Engineering: Modifying genetic material,
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR): Copy DNA
  • Restriction enzymes: Cut DNA
  • Gene cloning: Creating large amounts of recombinant DNA
  • Plant Genetic modification: Improving traits of plants
  • Animal genetic modification: Enhancing reproductive efficiency.
  • Microbe Genetic Modification: Enhancing microbial processes

Week 6

  • Digestive Systems: Monogastric (one simple stomach), avian (crop and gizzard), ruminant (four compartments), pseudo-ruminant
  • Respiratory systems: No respiratory organs in hydra, gills in some aquatic animals, skin in earthworms
  • Evolution: Change in traits over generations
  • Natural selection: Differential reproduction of individuals with advantageous traits
  • Levels of human evolution: Homo Sapiens, Homo Neanderthalensis, Homo Erectus, Homo Habilis, Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus

Week 7

  • Evidence of evolution: Fossils, comparative anatomy, phylogeny, molecular biology , biogeography, comparative embryology
  • Homologous structures: Similar structure, different functions
  • Analogous structures: Similar function, different structure
  • Phylogeny: Relationships between organisms

Week 8

  • Human activities affecting ecosystem: Natural factors (floods, hurricanes), human factors (land clearing, pollution, overharvesting)
  • Adaptations: Structural, functional, behavioral traits that ensure survival

Week 9

  • Conservation of Ecosystems: Biodiversity, protected lands, connectivity, ecosystem services, habitat restoration, pollution control, sustainable practices, reducing human interference

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