Biology Chapter 1: Mendel and the Pea Plants
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Biology Chapter 1: Mendel and the Pea Plants

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

It connects the fetus to the placenta and allows for nutrient exchange.

Which stages of life include rapid physical growth and development of coordination skills?

  • Adulthood
  • Adolescence
  • Infancy and childhood (correct)
  • Middle age

    • An embryo is less developed than a fetus.

    True

    The organ that allows for nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus is the ________.

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nutrients with their descriptions:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Main source of energy for the body Protein = Needed for building body structures and repairing tissues Fats = An energy-storage nutrient that helps store some vitamins Vitamins = Needed in small amounts to maintain health and allow growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fats help reduce blood cholesterol levels?

    <p>Unsaturated fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sex chromosomes determine in an individual?

    <p>The sex of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of sex-linked disorders? Select one option:

    <p>Caused by genes on sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are present in a sex cell of a pea plant if the plant has 14 chromosomes in total?

    <p>7 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genes are found on chromosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define recessive trait in your own words.

    <p>A genetic trait that is expressed only if there is no dominant allele present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organ systems with their functions:

    <p>Integumentary System = Protective covering on the outside of the body Muscular System = Helps with movement Skeletal System = Provides a frame to support and protect the body Cardiovascular System = Pumps blood through blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sweat glands in the skin?

    <p>To produce sweat, a salty liquid that helps in cooling the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does a hair form within the skin?

    <p>Hair follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products does NOT contain a drug?

    <p>Fruit juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the difference between physical and psychological dependence.

    <p>Physical dependence occurs when your body is deprived of the substance it has become accustomed to, leading to physical pain or sickness. Psychological dependence is when your mind desires the substance you are using.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does addiction occur, and what are two consequences of drug addiction?

    <p>Addiction occurs when a person depends on a substance, leading to loss of control over drug-taking behavior. Two consequences of drug addiction are difficulty in stopping drug intake and physical and psychological dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines contain

    <p>Dead pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ways to avoid and fight pathogens with their descriptions:

    <p>Practice good hygiene = Wash hands, avoid touching face, cover coughs and sneezes. Maintain a healthy lifestyle = Eat well, exercise, and get enough sleep to support the immune system. Avoid close contact with sick individuals = Minimize exposure to pathogens from infected people. Get vaccinated = Vaccines build immunity against specific diseases. Follow public health guidelines = Adhere to recommendations like wearing masks and social distancing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of a kind of asexual reproduction where a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism?

    <p>Budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a kind of asexual reproduction where parts of an organism break off and develop into a new individual?

    <p>Fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sex cells produced by the female parent called?

    <p>Eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sex cells produced by the male parent called?

    <p>Sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a fertilized egg, called a zygote, is created?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process forms eggs and sperm in organisms?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eggs and sperm are formed by a process called ______.

    <p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do human cells (excluding eggs, sperm, and mature red blood cells) contain?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the division of one cell that has 46 chromosomes into two cells called?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the union of a human egg and sperm called?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of fertilization?

    <p>External Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is important for good health?

    <p>Taking care of your teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two things you should do when calling for help in a medical emergency?

    <p>Provide clear information and follow instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seat belts and safety equipment protect you?

    <p>They provide impact protection, absorb crash forces, and keep you from being thrown from the vehicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement about drugs is true?

    <p>Withdrawal symptoms may be painful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dangers of tobacco and alcohol use?

    <p>Heart disease and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of nutrients that provide energy in the form of Calories?

    <p>Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Mendel choose the garden peas to study?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important that pea plants can self-pollinate?

    <p>Because egg (in an ovule) and sperm (in pollen) from the same plant combine to make a new plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Numerate 3 of the characteristics studied by Mendel.

    <p>Seed Shape, Plant Height, Flower Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Mendel select which plants would be crossed to produce offspring during his experiments?

    <p>He removed the anthers of one plant to prevent self-pollination and used pollen from another plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

    <p>Self-pollination occurs within the same plant, while cross-pollination involves pollen transfer between different plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a trait and a characteristic? Give one example of each.

    <p>A characteristic is an underlying feature (e.g., hair color), while a trait is a specific form of that characteristic (e.g., brown hair).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe Mendel's second set of experiments.

    <p>Mendel allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate, leading to the reappearance of recessive traits in the second generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a bag of chocolate candies, there are 21 white candies and 6 brown candies. What is the ratio of white to brown and brown to white?

    <p>White to brown ratio = 7:2, Brown to white ratio = 2:7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is incomplete dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance is when one trait is not completely dominant over another, resulting in a blend of both traits' characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use the following terms in the same sentence: gene and allele.

    <p>My gene or alleles are brown hair and brown eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms: genotype, and phenotype.

    <p>Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, and phenotype is the physical appearance or traits of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of rolling a five on one die three times in a row?

    <p>1/216</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

    <p>In mitosis, chromosomes are copied once and the nucleus divides once, resulting in two identical cells. In meiosis, chromosomes are copied once, and the nucleus divides twice, resulting in four new cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how nails grow?

    <p>Nails grow from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. As new cells form, the nail grows longer. Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of skin?

    <p>To move your body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hair and nails develop?

    <p>1- Hair grows as new cells are added at the hair follicle. Older cells get pushed upward, and the only living cells in a hair are in the hair follicle. 2- Nails grow from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail. As new cells form, the nail grows longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lists shows the way in which the body is organized?

    <p>Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bile help digest fat?

    <p>Bile is squeezed from the gallbladder into the small intestine, where it breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets. This process increases the surface area of the fat for enzyme action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does eating fiber help digestion?

    <p>Fiber keeps the stool soft and promotes material movement through the large intestine by adding bulk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organ system with its role in excretion:

    <p>Integumentary system = Releases waste products and water when you sweat Respiratory system = Releases carbon dioxide and water when you exhale Urinary system = Contains the organs that remove waste products from your blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is absorbed into the blood before other processes occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine?

    <p>To neutralize stomach acids and facilitate the activity of digestive enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a kidney stone?

    <p>Kidney stone is a condition where salts and other waste materials accumulate within the kidneys, potentially causing blockages and discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A rock will have a lower rate of weathering when the rock

    <p>is an awfully hard rock, such as granite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area affect the rate of weathering?

    <p>As the surface gets bigger, the rate of weathering increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does climate affect the rate of weathering?

    <p>Some climates such as warm, humid climates will cause rocks to weather faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the peak of a mountain weather faster than the rocks at the bottom of the mountain?

    <p>Rocks at the peak are exposed to more ice, wind, and rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does soil fertility mean?

    <p>Soil fertility means a soil's ability to hold nutrients and to supply nutrients to a plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following soil properties influences soil moisture?

    <p>soil structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between residual and transported soils?

    <p>Residual soil remains above its parent rock. Transported soil is blown or washed away from its parent rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three important benefits that soil provides?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mendel and the Pea Plants

    • Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
    • Gregor Mendel chose garden peas to study because they:
    • Grow quickly
    • Have many different varieties
    • Can self-pollinate and cross-pollinate
    • Self-pollination: pollen from one flower fertilizes the ovule of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
    • Cross-pollination: pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant.

    Characteristics, Traits, and Genes

    • Characteristic: a feature that has different forms in a population (e.g., hair color).
    • Trait: a specific form of a characteristic (e.g., brown hair).
    • Gene: one set of instructions for an inherited trait.
    • Allele: one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic.

    Mendel's Experiments

    • Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits to study inheritance.
    • He observed that dominant traits were always expressed in the first generation, and recessive traits reappeared in the second generation.
    • Ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the second generation: 3:1.

    Genotype and Phenotype

    • Genotype: the entire genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of genes for one or more specific traits.
    • Phenotype: an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic (e.g., purple flowers).

    Non-Mendelian Heredity

    • Incomplete dominance: one trait is not completely dominant over another.
    • Many genes, one trait: multiple genes influence a single trait.
    • One gene, many traits: one gene affects multiple traits.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis: a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number.
    • Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis:
    • Meiosis: chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice, resulting in four new cells with half the original number of chromosomes.
    • Mitosis: chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides once, resulting in two identical copies of the original cell.

    Sex-Linked Disorders

    • Sex chromosomes: one pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (XX for females, XY for males).
    • Sex-linked disorders: disorders caused by genes on the X chromosome, which affect males more than females (e.g., colorblindness, hemophilia).

    Body Organization and Structure

    • Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant state in a changing environment.
    • Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a common function.
    • Organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body.
    • Organ system: a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
    • Examples of organ systems: digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive systems.### Nervous System
    • Receives and sends electrical messages throughout the body
    • Helps regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis
    • Part of the system that helps fight against bacteria and viruses

    Integumentary System

    • Forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
    • Skin has two main layers: epidermis and dermis
    • Functions of skin: protects the body, regulates body temperature, and aids in the senses of touch and feel
    • Hair and nails are also part of the integumentary system

    Hair

    • Functions of hair: protects skin from ultraviolet light, keeps particles out of eyes and nose, and helps regulate body temperature
    • Hair grows from a hair follicle and is made of living and dead cells
    • The color of hair is determined by melanin

    Nails

    • Grow from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail
    • Protect the tips of fingers and toes

    Digestive System

    • Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
    • Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
    • Three main types of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
    • Enzymes break down nutrients into smaller particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

    Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

    • Liver: makes bile to break up fat, stores nutrients, and breaks down toxins
    • Gallbladder: stores bile
    • Pancreas: produces bicarbonate to neutralize acid in chyme, regulates blood sugar levels

    Urinary System

    • Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
    • Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
    • Kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine
    • Nephrons are the units in the kidney that filter blood

    Body Water Balance

    • Body balances water levels through hormones and the urinary system
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons and return it to the bloodstream

    Reproduction and Development

    • Asexual reproduction: a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical
    • Sexual reproduction: two parents produce offspring that share traits from both parents
    • Meiosis: the division of one cell with 46 chromosomes into two cells with 23 chromosomes each
    • Fertilization: the union of a human egg and sperm
    • Internal fertilization: the process by which the sperm and egg join inside the female's body
    • External fertilization: the process by which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the female's body

    Mammals

    • All mammals reproduce sexually and nurture their young with milk
    • Mammals can be classified into three groups: monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals### Reproduction
    • External fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg outside the female body
    • Asexual reproduction: no union of sex cells, single parent produces offspring with identical genes
    • Sexual reproduction: union of sex cells from two parents produces offspring with shared traits

    Human Reproductive System

    • Male reproductive system:
      • Produces sperm and delivers it to the female reproductive system
      • Testes: primary male reproductive organs, produce sperm and testosterone
      • Function of testosterone: regulates sperm production and male characteristics
    • Sperm's journey:
      1. Leaves testis
      2. Stored in epididymis, matures
      3. Enters vas deferens, mixes with fluids from glands
      4. Semen leaves body through urethra
    • Female reproductive system:
      • Produces eggs, nurtures developing individuals, and gives birth
      • Ovaries: produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone hormones
      • Function of estrogen and progesterone: regulates egg release and female characteristics
    • Egg's journey:
      1. Released from ovary during ovulation
      2. Passes through fallopian tube
      3. Fertilized in fallopian tube, enters uterus

    Menstrual Cycle

    • Prepares body for pregnancy
    • 28-day cycle:
      1. Menstruation (5 days)
      2. Ovulation (around 14th day)
      3. Uterus lining thickens
      4. If egg not fertilized, menstruation begins again

    Multiple Births

    • Identical twins: formed from one fertilized egg, genetically identical
    • Fraternal twins: formed from two separate eggs, genetically different
    • Frequency of twin births: 30 per 1000 births, 1/3 are identical twins

    Reproductive System Problems

    • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
    • Cancer (testes, prostate gland, breast, cervix)
    • Infertility (male: low sperm count, female: ovulation issues)

    From Fertilization to Embryo

    • Process of human development:
      1. Fertilization: sperm fertilizes egg in fallopian tube
      2. Implantation: embryo embeds in uterus lining (5-6 days after fertilization)
      3. Embryo development:
        • Placenta forms, connects embryo to mother's blood supply
        • Umbilical cord forms, connects embryo to placenta

    Stages of Life

    • Infancy: rapid physical growth, emergence of baby teeth, development of nervous system
    • Childhood: rapid growth, replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth
    • Adolescence: puberty marks transition to adulthood, physical changes
    • Adulthood: peak physical development, early signs of aging
    • Middle Age: continued aging, noticeable physical changes
    • Older Adults: aging process continues, physical decline

    Nutrition

    • Carbohydrates: provide energy, simple and complex types
    • Protein: builds and repairs body structures, complete and incomplete types
    • Fats: energy storage, saturated and unsaturated types
    • Water: essential for body functions
    • Minerals: essential for body processes, 6 in large amounts, 12 in small amounts
    • Vitamins: essential for growth and maintenance, 13 types
    • Reading food labels: Nutrition Facts Labels show nutrient amounts per serving

    Malnutrition

    • Disorder resulting from inadequate nutrient consumption
    • Types:
      • Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder, self-starvation, fear of gaining weight
      • Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder, bingeing and purging
      • Obesity: excessive body fat, high risk of health problems

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    Learn about heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring, and how Mendel studied garden peas to understand this concept.

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