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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
It connects the fetus to the placenta and allows for nutrient exchange.
Which stages of life include rapid physical growth and development of coordination skills?
Which stages of life include rapid physical growth and development of coordination skills?
An embryo is less developed than a fetus.
An embryo is less developed than a fetus.
True
The organ that allows for nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus is the ________.
The organ that allows for nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus is the ________.
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Match the following types of nutrients with their descriptions:
Match the following types of nutrients with their descriptions:
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Which type of fats help reduce blood cholesterol levels?
Which type of fats help reduce blood cholesterol levels?
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What do sex chromosomes determine in an individual?
What do sex chromosomes determine in an individual?
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What are the characteristics of sex-linked disorders? Select one option:
What are the characteristics of sex-linked disorders? Select one option:
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How many chromosomes are present in a sex cell of a pea plant if the plant has 14 chromosomes in total?
How many chromosomes are present in a sex cell of a pea plant if the plant has 14 chromosomes in total?
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Genes are found on chromosomes.
Genes are found on chromosomes.
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Define recessive trait in your own words.
Define recessive trait in your own words.
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Match the organ systems with their functions:
Match the organ systems with their functions:
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What is the main function of sweat glands in the skin?
What is the main function of sweat glands in the skin?
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Where does a hair form within the skin?
Where does a hair form within the skin?
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Which of the following products does NOT contain a drug?
Which of the following products does NOT contain a drug?
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Describe the difference between physical and psychological dependence.
Describe the difference between physical and psychological dependence.
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How does addiction occur, and what are two consequences of drug addiction?
How does addiction occur, and what are two consequences of drug addiction?
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Vaccines contain
Vaccines contain
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Match the following ways to avoid and fight pathogens with their descriptions:
Match the following ways to avoid and fight pathogens with their descriptions:
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What is the name of a kind of asexual reproduction where a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism?
What is the name of a kind of asexual reproduction where a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism?
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What is the term used to describe a kind of asexual reproduction where parts of an organism break off and develop into a new individual?
What is the term used to describe a kind of asexual reproduction where parts of an organism break off and develop into a new individual?
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What are the sex cells produced by the female parent called?
What are the sex cells produced by the female parent called?
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What are the sex cells produced by the male parent called?
What are the sex cells produced by the male parent called?
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What is the process by which a fertilized egg, called a zygote, is created?
What is the process by which a fertilized egg, called a zygote, is created?
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What process forms eggs and sperm in organisms?
What process forms eggs and sperm in organisms?
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Eggs and sperm are formed by a process called ______.
Eggs and sperm are formed by a process called ______.
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How many chromosomes do human cells (excluding eggs, sperm, and mature red blood cells) contain?
How many chromosomes do human cells (excluding eggs, sperm, and mature red blood cells) contain?
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What is the division of one cell that has 46 chromosomes into two cells called?
What is the division of one cell that has 46 chromosomes into two cells called?
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What is the union of a human egg and sperm called?
What is the union of a human egg and sperm called?
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What are the two main types of fertilization?
What are the two main types of fertilization?
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Which of the following is important for good health?
Which of the following is important for good health?
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List two things you should do when calling for help in a medical emergency?
List two things you should do when calling for help in a medical emergency?
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How do seat belts and safety equipment protect you?
How do seat belts and safety equipment protect you?
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Which of the following statement about drugs is true?
Which of the following statement about drugs is true?
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What are the three dangers of tobacco and alcohol use?
What are the three dangers of tobacco and alcohol use?
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What are the three types of nutrients that provide energy in the form of Calories?
What are the three types of nutrients that provide energy in the form of Calories?
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Why did Mendel choose the garden peas to study?
Why did Mendel choose the garden peas to study?
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Why is it important that pea plants can self-pollinate?
Why is it important that pea plants can self-pollinate?
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Numerate 3 of the characteristics studied by Mendel.
Numerate 3 of the characteristics studied by Mendel.
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How did Mendel select which plants would be crossed to produce offspring during his experiments?
How did Mendel select which plants would be crossed to produce offspring during his experiments?
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Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
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What is the difference between a trait and a characteristic? Give one example of each.
What is the difference between a trait and a characteristic? Give one example of each.
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Describe Mendel's second set of experiments.
Describe Mendel's second set of experiments.
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In a bag of chocolate candies, there are 21 white candies and 6 brown candies. What is the ratio of white to brown and brown to white?
In a bag of chocolate candies, there are 21 white candies and 6 brown candies. What is the ratio of white to brown and brown to white?
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What is incomplete dominance?
What is incomplete dominance?
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Use the following terms in the same sentence: gene and allele.
Use the following terms in the same sentence: gene and allele.
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In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms: genotype, and phenotype.
In your own words, write a definition for each of the following terms: genotype, and phenotype.
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What is the probability of rolling a five on one die three times in a row?
What is the probability of rolling a five on one die three times in a row?
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What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
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Describe how nails grow?
Describe how nails grow?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of skin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of skin?
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How do hair and nails develop?
How do hair and nails develop?
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Which of the following lists shows the way in which the body is organized?
Which of the following lists shows the way in which the body is organized?
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How does bile help digest fat?
How does bile help digest fat?
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How does eating fiber help digestion?
How does eating fiber help digestion?
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Match the organ system with its role in excretion:
Match the organ system with its role in excretion:
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Water is absorbed into the blood before other processes occur.
Water is absorbed into the blood before other processes occur.
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Why is it important for the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine?
Why is it important for the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine?
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What is a kidney stone?
What is a kidney stone?
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A rock will have a lower rate of weathering when the rock
A rock will have a lower rate of weathering when the rock
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How does the surface area affect the rate of weathering?
How does the surface area affect the rate of weathering?
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How does climate affect the rate of weathering?
How does climate affect the rate of weathering?
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Why does the peak of a mountain weather faster than the rocks at the bottom of the mountain?
Why does the peak of a mountain weather faster than the rocks at the bottom of the mountain?
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What does soil fertility mean?
What does soil fertility mean?
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Which of the following soil properties influences soil moisture?
Which of the following soil properties influences soil moisture?
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What is the difference between residual and transported soils?
What is the difference between residual and transported soils?
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What are three important benefits that soil provides?
What are three important benefits that soil provides?
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Study Notes
Mendel and the Pea Plants
- Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
- Gregor Mendel chose garden peas to study because they:
- Grow quickly
- Have many different varieties
- Can self-pollinate and cross-pollinate
- Self-pollination: pollen from one flower fertilizes the ovule of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
- Cross-pollination: pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant.
Characteristics, Traits, and Genes
- Characteristic: a feature that has different forms in a population (e.g., hair color).
- Trait: a specific form of a characteristic (e.g., brown hair).
- Gene: one set of instructions for an inherited trait.
- Allele: one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic.
Mendel's Experiments
- Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits to study inheritance.
- He observed that dominant traits were always expressed in the first generation, and recessive traits reappeared in the second generation.
- Ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the second generation: 3:1.
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype: the entire genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of genes for one or more specific traits.
- Phenotype: an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic (e.g., purple flowers).
Non-Mendelian Heredity
- Incomplete dominance: one trait is not completely dominant over another.
- Many genes, one trait: multiple genes influence a single trait.
- One gene, many traits: one gene affects multiple traits.
Meiosis
- Meiosis: a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number.
- Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis:
- Meiosis: chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice, resulting in four new cells with half the original number of chromosomes.
- Mitosis: chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides once, resulting in two identical copies of the original cell.
Sex-Linked Disorders
- Sex chromosomes: one pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (XX for females, XY for males).
- Sex-linked disorders: disorders caused by genes on the X chromosome, which affect males more than females (e.g., colorblindness, hemophilia).
Body Organization and Structure
- Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant state in a changing environment.
- Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a common function.
- Organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body.
- Organ system: a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
- Examples of organ systems: digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive systems.### Nervous System
- Receives and sends electrical messages throughout the body
- Helps regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis
- Part of the system that helps fight against bacteria and viruses
Integumentary System
- Forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
- Skin has two main layers: epidermis and dermis
- Functions of skin: protects the body, regulates body temperature, and aids in the senses of touch and feel
- Hair and nails are also part of the integumentary system
Hair
- Functions of hair: protects skin from ultraviolet light, keeps particles out of eyes and nose, and helps regulate body temperature
- Hair grows from a hair follicle and is made of living and dead cells
- The color of hair is determined by melanin
Nails
- Grow from living cells in the nail root at the base of the nail
- Protect the tips of fingers and toes
Digestive System
- Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
- Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
- Three main types of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Enzymes break down nutrients into smaller particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
- Liver: makes bile to break up fat, stores nutrients, and breaks down toxins
- Gallbladder: stores bile
- Pancreas: produces bicarbonate to neutralize acid in chyme, regulates blood sugar levels
Urinary System
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
- Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- Kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine
- Nephrons are the units in the kidney that filter blood
Body Water Balance
- Body balances water levels through hormones and the urinary system
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons and return it to the bloodstream
Reproduction and Development
- Asexual reproduction: a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical
- Sexual reproduction: two parents produce offspring that share traits from both parents
- Meiosis: the division of one cell with 46 chromosomes into two cells with 23 chromosomes each
- Fertilization: the union of a human egg and sperm
- Internal fertilization: the process by which the sperm and egg join inside the female's body
- External fertilization: the process by which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the female's body
Mammals
- All mammals reproduce sexually and nurture their young with milk
- Mammals can be classified into three groups: monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals### Reproduction
- External fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg outside the female body
- Asexual reproduction: no union of sex cells, single parent produces offspring with identical genes
- Sexual reproduction: union of sex cells from two parents produces offspring with shared traits
Human Reproductive System
- Male reproductive system:
- Produces sperm and delivers it to the female reproductive system
- Testes: primary male reproductive organs, produce sperm and testosterone
- Function of testosterone: regulates sperm production and male characteristics
- Sperm's journey:
- Leaves testis
- Stored in epididymis, matures
- Enters vas deferens, mixes with fluids from glands
- Semen leaves body through urethra
- Female reproductive system:
- Produces eggs, nurtures developing individuals, and gives birth
- Ovaries: produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone hormones
- Function of estrogen and progesterone: regulates egg release and female characteristics
- Egg's journey:
- Released from ovary during ovulation
- Passes through fallopian tube
- Fertilized in fallopian tube, enters uterus
Menstrual Cycle
- Prepares body for pregnancy
- 28-day cycle:
- Menstruation (5 days)
- Ovulation (around 14th day)
- Uterus lining thickens
- If egg not fertilized, menstruation begins again
Multiple Births
- Identical twins: formed from one fertilized egg, genetically identical
- Fraternal twins: formed from two separate eggs, genetically different
- Frequency of twin births: 30 per 1000 births, 1/3 are identical twins
Reproductive System Problems
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- Cancer (testes, prostate gland, breast, cervix)
- Infertility (male: low sperm count, female: ovulation issues)
From Fertilization to Embryo
- Process of human development:
- Fertilization: sperm fertilizes egg in fallopian tube
- Implantation: embryo embeds in uterus lining (5-6 days after fertilization)
- Embryo development:
- Placenta forms, connects embryo to mother's blood supply
- Umbilical cord forms, connects embryo to placenta
Stages of Life
- Infancy: rapid physical growth, emergence of baby teeth, development of nervous system
- Childhood: rapid growth, replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth
- Adolescence: puberty marks transition to adulthood, physical changes
- Adulthood: peak physical development, early signs of aging
- Middle Age: continued aging, noticeable physical changes
- Older Adults: aging process continues, physical decline
Nutrition
- Carbohydrates: provide energy, simple and complex types
- Protein: builds and repairs body structures, complete and incomplete types
- Fats: energy storage, saturated and unsaturated types
- Water: essential for body functions
- Minerals: essential for body processes, 6 in large amounts, 12 in small amounts
- Vitamins: essential for growth and maintenance, 13 types
- Reading food labels: Nutrition Facts Labels show nutrient amounts per serving
Malnutrition
- Disorder resulting from inadequate nutrient consumption
- Types:
- Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder, self-starvation, fear of gaining weight
- Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder, bingeing and purging
- Obesity: excessive body fat, high risk of health problems
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Description
Learn about heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring, and how Mendel studied garden peas to understand this concept.