Biology Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What is one key characteristic of living organisms?

  • Respiration only
  • Metabolism (correct)
  • Photosynthesis
  • Static structure

    • Which of the following is the correct order of structural organization in the human body?

  • Chemical, Organ, Cell, Organism, Tissue, Organ system
  • Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical
  • Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism (correct)
  • Tissue, Cell, Chemical, Organ, Organ system, Organism

    • What characterizes selectively permeable membranes?

  • Permit some molecules to cross while blocking others (correct)
  • Allow all molecules to pass freely
  • Only allow water molecules to pass through
  • Require energy for all substance transport

    • Which system in the body is responsible for transporting blood and nutrients?

    <p>Cardiovascular System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion allows charged or polar solutes to cross with help, while simple diffusion does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of solution will a cell remain unchanged in size?

    <p>Isotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of living organisms?

    <p>Dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force primarily drives the process of diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body system includes the lungs and nasal cavity?

    <p>Respiratory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines active transport in cellular processes?

    <p>Requires energy, often in the form of ATP, to move substances against their gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position characterized by?

    <p>Feet slightly apart, arms hanging at sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which anatomical plane is the body divided into superior and inferior parts?

    <p>Transverse Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cation?

    <p>A positively charged ion formed by losing electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the term 'medial'?

    <p>Closer to the midline of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a hydrogen bond?

    <p>A weak attraction between partially positive and partially negative ends of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm in human anatomy?

    <p>To separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a chemical equation represents the starting ingredients?

    <p>Reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the ventral body cavity contains the heart and lungs?

    <p>Thoracic Cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major organ is located in the pelvic cavity?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during exergonic reactions?

    <p>The reactants have more energy than the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is activation energy (Ea)?

    <p>The energy required for atoms to collide effectively and overcome electron repulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'proximal' indicate in anatomical terminology?

    <p>Closer to the point of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cranial cavity houses which part of the human body?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects reaction rates?

    <p>Color of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do endergonic reactions differ from exergonic reactions?

    <p>Endergonic reactions require energy input, resulting in products with more energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell shrinks due to water being pulled out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes primary active transport?

    <p>It directly consumes ATP to move solute against its gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>It uses specific receptors to facilitate the uptake of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Maintain cell shape and provide mechanical support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of microvilli?

    <p>To increase the surface area for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exocytosis, what occurs to the vesicles within the cell?

    <p>They release substances into the extracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of transcytosis?

    <p>Substances are transported across the cell to the opposite side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily concerned with DNA replication?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the nucleus is responsible for ribosome synthesis?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes cilia from flagella?

    <p>Flagella usually propel entire cells, while cilia propel substances past the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Living Organisms

    • Cellular composition: Composed of cells, the basic unit of life.
    • Metabolism: Sum of all chemical processes that occur within an organism.
    • Growth: Increase in size or number of cells.
    • Excretion: Process of removing waste products from the body.
    • Responsiveness: Ability to respond to environmental changes.
    • Movement: Physical movement of the organism or its parts.
    • Reproduction: Ability to produce offspring.

    Levels of Structural Organization

    • Chemical level: Atoms and molecules.
    • Cellular level: Cells, the basic unit of life.
    • Tissue level: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
    • Organ level: Different types of tissues working together.
    • Organ system level: Groups of organs that perform complex functions.
    • Organism level: The complete living individual.

    Body Systems and Their Components

    • Integumentary System: Hair, skin, nails.
    • Skeletal System: Bones, joints.
    • Muscular System: Skeletal muscles.
    • Lymphatic System: Lymph organs, lymphatic vessels.
    • Respiratory System: Lungs, pharynx, nasal cavity.
    • Digestive System: Digestive organs including the colon.
    • Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive organs.
    • Urinary System: Urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, kidneys.
    • Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels.
    • Endocrine System: Glands like the hypothalamus and pancreas.
    • Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

    Language of Anatomy

    • Systemic anatomy: Studies individual organ systems.
    • Regional anatomy: Divides the body into regions.
    • Surface anatomy: Examines visible external features.
    • Gross anatomy: Studies structures visible to the naked eye.
    • Microscopic anatomy: Examines structures that require a microscope (Histology and Cytology).

    Anatomical Position

    • Feet slightly apart, upright stance, head and toes forward, arms at the sides.
    • Important for standardizing anatomical terminology.

    Anatomical Terms

    • Superior: Above another structure.
    • Inferior: Below another structure.
    • Proximal: Closer to the point of origin.
    • Distal: Farther from the point of origin.
    • Medial: Closer to the midline.
    • Lateral: Farther from the midline.
    • Anterior/Ventral: Front of the body.
    • Posterior/Dorsal: Back of the body.
    • Superficial: Near the surface.
    • Deep: Farther from the surface.

    Body Planes and Sections

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right.
    • Frontal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior.
    • Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior.

    Body Cavities

    • Ventral Body Cavity: Divided by diaphragm into the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs), abdominal cavity (digestive organs), and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs).
    • Dorsal Body Cavity: Cranial cavity (houses the brain), vertebral cavity (houses the spinal cord).

    Diaphragm

    • Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

    Chemical Bonds and Reactions

    • Hydrogen bonds: Weak attractions between polar molecules.
    • Chemical notation: Symbols and abbreviations representing reactions.
    • Chemical reaction: Involves formation, breaking, or rearranging of bonds.

    Forms of Energy in the Body

    • Chemical energy: Stored in atomic bonds.
    • Electrical energy: Movement of charged particles.
    • Mechanical energy: Transfer of energy between objects.

    Reaction Types

    • Endergonic reactions: Require energy input; products hold more energy.
    • Exergonic reactions: Release energy; products hold less energy.

    Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

    • Concentration, temperature, reactant properties, presence of a catalyst.

    Enzymes

    • Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without permanent alteration.
    • Highly specific to substrates which bind to active sites.

    Membrane Transport

    • Selectively permeable: The membrane allows only certain substances to pass.
    • Active vs. passive transport: Active transport requires energy; passive transport does not.
    • Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
    • Facilitated diffusion: Requires membrane proteins for charged/polar solutes.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane; influenced by osmotic pressure.

    Hydrostatic Pressure

    • Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to gravity.

    Cell Response to Solutions

    • Isotonic: No net movement of water; cell retains shape.
    • Hypertonic: Water moves out, causing cell shrinkage.
    • Hypotonic: Water moves in, potentially causing cell bursting.

    Active Transport Mechanisms

    • Primary active transport: Direct use of ATP to pump solutes against their gradient (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).
    • Secondary active transport: Uses created gradients to move substances against their concentration gradient indirectly.

    Endocytosis

    • Bringing substances into a cell.
    • Phagocytosis: Engulfing large particles.
    • Pinocytosis: Engulfing liquid droplets.
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Involves specific receptors for molecule uptake.

    Exocytosis

    • Release of large molecules from the cell into the extracellular fluid.

    Transcytosis

    • Transcellular transport of substances via vesicles.

    Cytoskeleton

    • Composed of protein filaments providing structure, strength, and support; involved in cell movement and specialized functions.

    Cell Structures

    • Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.
    • Cilia: Move substances across cell surfaces.
    • Flagella: Propel the entire cell (sperm).

    Nucleus Structures

    • Nuclear envelope: Double membrane surrounding nucleoplasm.
    • Nuclear pores: Allow substance exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
    • Chromatin: Loose DNA structure; organizes genetic material.

    Protein Synthesis Process

    • DNA → Transcription → mRNA → Translation → Protein.

    Cell Cycle Overview

    • Includes Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitotic phases (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
    • Cell cycle dysregulation can lead to cancer.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of living organisms, including aspects such as cellular composition, metabolism, and levels of structural organization. Review key body systems like the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems to prepare effectively. Ensure you understand fundamental concepts to excel in your biology studies.

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