Biology Chapter 1 & 3 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What role do the ossicles play in the auditory process?

They filter out high-frequency sounds from the environment.

They convert sound waves into electrical signals.

They amplify vibrations and transmit them to the oval window. (correct)

They vibrate at differing frequencies depending on sound intensity.

Where in the cochlea do high-frequency sounds primarily cause vibrations?

At the helicotrema.

At the base of the cochlea. (correct)

At the apex of the cochlea.

In the organ of Corti.

What initiates the generation of electrical impulses in hair cells?

Fluid movement in the cochlea resulting from sound waves.

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane.

Pressure changes in the oval window.

Bending of the hair cells due to movement of the basilar membrane. (correct)

What effect does the movement of the stapes have on auditory perception?

It transmits vibrations into the cochlea via the oval window. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the sensation of hearing within the cochlea?

The Organ of Corti. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in cellular transport?

To move Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell Signup and view all the answers

How does a hypertonic solution affect a cell?

It causes the cell to lose water and shrink Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes secondary active transport?

It uses a concentration gradient created by primary active transport Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cellular lysis?

Cells gain water and swell excessively Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure on a solution?

It exerts a pressure based on volume or gravity effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines an isotonic solution?

It has the same concentration of nonpermeating solute as the cells’ cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without the use of ATP?

Simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vestibular cortex?

Balance and equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Which area is responsible for voluntary muscle movement?

Primary motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

What function is associated with Broca's area?

Muscle movements for speech Signup and view all the answers

The primary visual cortex is primarily located in which lobe of the brain?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the hypothalamus?

Mammillary bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

Processes sensory information Signup and view all the answers

Which area is primarily responsible for the interpretation of textures?

Somatosensory association area Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain contains the respiratory center?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the prefrontal cortex?

Intellectual thoughts and decision making Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is associated with dopamine production?

Substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events during smooth muscle contraction?

Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex, ATPase activity, crossbridge cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelin production in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gray matter from white matter in the central nervous system?

Gray matter is found in the outer regions while white matter is deeper. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of forming a neurilemma, which of the following is true?

It is formed by the external cytoplasmic part of Schwann cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain waves are associated with REM sleep?

No specific waves are characterized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of basal nuclei?

They coordinate voluntary movement and semivoluntary motions. Signup and view all the answers

What role do astrocytes play in the central nervous system?

They regulate the movement of substances between blood and neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nodes of Ranvier in the nervous system?

They allow for faster conduction of nerve impulses. Signup and view all the answers

The latch state in smooth muscle contraction is associated with which of the following?

The prolonged contraction without additional ATP consumption. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain waves characterizes stage 3 sleep?

Theta and delta waves Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is found in higher concentrations inside a cell compared to outside?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a cell engulfs solid particles?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

If 100 mls of 5% glucose solution is compared to 120 mls of 5% glucose solution, which statement is true?

They have the same concentration of solute. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a solution with 0.9% NaCl?

It has the same osmotic pressure as normal blood plasma. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes facilitated diffusion through channels?

It occurs through specific tunnels allowing ion movement. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a human cell placed in a solution of 5% glucose?

It will swell after some time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of a solution that combines 200 mls of 5% glucose with 100 mls of 300 mOsm/L NaCl?

Less than 300 mOsm/L Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about a 4% glucose solution is accurate in context with human cells?

It is hypoosmotic to a normal human cell. Signup and view all the answers

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, what is the primary advantage for the cell?

It enables selective uptake of specific substances. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: 2 Questions

CMEGROAIMHI: Cellularity, metabolism, excretion, growth, reproduction, organization, adaptation, irritability, movement, homeostasis, and inheritance.
Feedback: Positive vs. negative feedback. A negative feedback example is a forest fire requiring a reaction to resolve it. Negative feedback involves a reaction restoring a system to the normal state. An example of positive feedback is a snowball effect leading to a forest fire.

Chapter 3: 3 Questions

Free radicals and antioxidants: Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons, seeking to stabilize themselves by stealing electrons from other molecules, causing damage. Antioxidants donate electrons to free radicals without being destabilized, neutralizing them and preventing cellular damage.
Enzyme inhibition: Competitive inhibition involves substrate mimicry and active site competition. Allosteric inhibition involves binding to a separate site, altering enzyme function through structural changes.
Enzymes and substrates: Maltase works on maltose, sucrase on sucrose. Incorrect statements include: Maltase works on sucrose, Sucrase works on maltose, and hydrolosis.

Chapter 4: 4 Questions

Motor molecules: Myosin interacts with actin filaments for intracellular transport (moving vesicles/organelles). Kinesin moves toward + ends of microtubules, transporting organelles/vesicles. Dynein moves towards – ends, usually the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate filaments (like keratin) reinforce cell junctions and prevent cells from pulling apart. They are a major component in hair and nails.

Chapter 5: 6 Questions

SA/V ratio: Decreasing the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell makes it harder to transport enough nutrients in and waste out efficiently. Increasing the ratio makes it easier to manage nutrient and waste exchange.

Chapter 6: 9 Questions

Classifying proteins in the body: Proteins can be classified by shape (globular or filamentous) and by function (TRICCS: transport, regulatory, immunological, contractile, catalytic).

Chapter 7: 10 Questions

Integumentary system: Parts, how it grows, false integumentary (Papillary and reticular plexus, epidermis-epithelium, true skin (dermis)-connective tissue, Arrector pili- smooth involuntary muscle), which pairings have least related items (Tissue and cellular components with their functions.)

Chapter 8: 10 Questions

Integumentary system: How to make precursors for vitamin D, how it is activated, integumentary system parts (hair matrix cells, melanocytes, melanosomes, sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands-merocrine, parts of hair and layers of hair follicle, and pilosebaceous units), fingernail parts and growth, integumentary false details (papillary and reticular plexus, Epidermis- epithelium, true skin(dermis)-connective tissue, Arrector pili-smooth involuntary muscle))

Chapter 9: 10 Questions

Bone growth: Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, while appositional bone growth widens the bone. Osseous tissue formation (deposition) requires osteoblast development, osteoid secretion, and calcium salt precipitation. Resorption destroys bone matrix, releasing minerals back into the bloodstream.

Chapter 12: 4 Questions

Joints: Cartilaginous joints, synchondrosis (temporary joint, often replaced by bone tissue), menisci, ligaments (intracapsular and extracapsular), periodontal ligaments, gomphoses, synarthroses (like sutures), diarthroses, syndesmoses, and synovial joints (not a function of synovial fluid is providing nutrition to cartilage).

Chapter 13: 1 Question

Membrane potential: Action potential: a rapid reversal in polarity, inside membrane becomes positive, and outside becomes negative. Two reversals of polarity. Ions involved in depolarization or hyperpolarization.

Chapter 14: 10 Questions

Muscle types and energy for contraction: Single-unit (visceral) smooth muscle fibers contract together. Multi-unit smooth muscle fibers contract independently. Energy for contraction includes glycolysis, aerobic respiration, and creatine phosphate. Types of muscle contractions are isometric and isotonic (concentric or eccentric).
Stimulating skeletal muscle: Resting potential, refractory period, myogram phases (latent, contraction, relaxation). Internal and external tension.
Sliding filament mechanism: Z discs move closer together.

Chapter 16: 3 Questions

Neuroglia: Glial cells (support and protect neurons), PNS (satellite cells, Schwann cells), CNS (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells).
Regeneration tubes: These are formed by Schwann cells for regeneration of neural tissue following injury.
Neurolemma: The external, cytoplasmic part of Schwann cells surrounding axons.

Chapter 19: 4 Questions

ANS: Preganglionic neurons (out of CNS; class B axon) synapse, postganglionic neurons (along class C axon). Neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine) and receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic, alpha, beta).

Chapter 20: 17 Questions

Eye: Photopigments (rhodopsin, iodopsin), lens shape changes for focusing, photoreceptor responses, accommodation (far and near vision), parts of the eye (aqueous and vitreous chambers), fluid in the eye (nutrient delivery/waste removal), intraocular pressure, structures for hearing and balance, and frequency vibrations in the cochlea.

Chapter 17: 10 Questions

NS: Regions in the nervous system (grey/white matter), neuroglia cells, neural connections, sensory/motor connections, etc.

Chapter 18: 4 Questions

Cranial nerves: Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, etc., are either sensory, motor, or mixed.

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Description

Test your understanding of cellular processes and feedback mechanisms in Chapter 1, as well as free radicals and enzyme inhibition in Chapter 3. This quiz covers key concepts of biology that illustrate the intricate functions of living organisms. Challenge yourself to see how well you can explain these essential topics.