Ecology and Basics of Life Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Symbiosis involves organisms in mutually beneficial relationships only, known as mutualism.

False (B)

Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.

False (B)

The Krebs Cycle produces carbon dioxide and is part of the cellular respiration process.

True (A)

In a food web, energy transfers from one trophic level to the next at approximately 50%.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autotrophs can create their own food through processes like photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nitrogen cycle includes a process called erosion of rocks for nutrient absorption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exergonic reactions are those that require energy in the form of ATP to proceed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass in organisms primarily comes from carbon absorbed during photosynthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic process used in science to investigate phenomena, ensuring repeatable and reliable results. It involves observation, questioning, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing.

What are the characteristics of life?

Living organisms share seven key traits: being made of cells, obtaining and using energy, growing and developing, reproducing, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and adapting/evolving over time.

Symbiosis

A close and long-term interaction between two different species. It can be mutualistic (+/+), where both benefit; commensalistic (+/0), where one benefits while the other is unaffected; or parasitic (+/-), where one benefits at the expense of the other.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. It involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in the form of glucose. It takes place in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic sources, such as sunlight or chemicals. They are the primary producers in ecosystems.

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Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy into the surroundings. They occur spontaneously and often involve breaking down molecules (e.g., cellular respiration).

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Where does the mass of organisms come from?

The majority of an organism's mass comes from carbon, which is absorbed from carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. These carbon atoms are then used to build various molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, ultimately contributing to growth.

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Study Notes

Part 1: Ecology and Basics of Life

  • Scientific Method: Follows steps: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze, Conclusion. Crucial for reliable scientific results.

  • Characteristics of Life: Living things share these traits:

    • Made of cells
    • Obtain/use energy
    • Grow and develop
    • Reproduce
    • Respond to stimuli
    • Maintain homeostasis
    • Adapt/evolve over time

  • Organism Interactions:

    • Symbiosis: Mutualism (+/+), Commensalism (+/0), Parasitism (+/-)
    • Predator-Prey: Maintain ecosystem balance.
    • Competition: Struggle for limited resources.
    • Cooperation: Collaboration for survival.

  • Food Webs & Trophic Levels:

    • Producers → Primary Consumers → Secondary Consumers → Tertiary Consumers → Decomposers
    • Energy Transfer: Approximately 10% energy moves to the next level.
    • Food Web: A visual representation of interconnected feeding relationships.

  • Biogeochemical Cycles:

    • Water Cycle: Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Runoff/Infiltration
    • Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis ↔ Respiration, Fossil fuels, Ocean absorption
    • Nitrogen Cycle: Fixation → Nitrification → Uptake by plants
    • Phosphorus Cycle: Erosion of rocks → Absorption by plants → Food chain

Part 2: Cellular Energy and Biochemistry

  • Cellular Respiration:

    • Breaks down glucose to create ATP (energy).
    • Glycolysis: In cytoplasm. Glucose → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP
    • Krebs Cycle: In mitochondria. Produces COâ‚‚ and energy carriers (NADH, FADHâ‚‚).
    • Electron Transport Chain: In mitochondria. Uses oxygen to produce ~34 ATP.

  • Photosynthesis:

    • Converts light energy into glucose.
    • Light-Dependent Reactions: In thylakoids. Uses sunlight to create ATP and NADPH. Photosystem II → Electron Transport → Photosystem I
    • Calvin Cycle: In stroma. Uses ATP, NADPH, and COâ‚‚ to produce glucose.

  • How Organisms Get Energy:

    • Autotrophs: Make their own food (e.g., plants via photosynthesis).
    • Heterotrophs: Consume other organisms for energy.
    • Chemosynthesis: Bacteria use inorganic chemicals to produce energy.

  • Chemical Reactions & Energy:

    • Exergonic: Release energy (e.g., cellular respiration).
    • Endergonic: Require energy (e.g., photosynthesis).
    • Calories/Kilocalories: Unit of energy measurement. 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories.

  • Mass of Organisms:

    • Primarily derived from carbon (absorbed as COâ‚‚ in photosynthesis).
    • Atoms bond to form molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins).
    • Growth reflects the build-up of these molecules in cells.

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