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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Which of the following structures is specifically found only in plant cells?
Which of the following structures is specifically found only in plant cells?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
Which structure is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?
Which structure is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?
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What is the jelly-like substance that fills the interior of a cell called?
What is the jelly-like substance that fills the interior of a cell called?
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Which part of the cell acts as a barrier allowing selective permeability?
Which part of the cell acts as a barrier allowing selective permeability?
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What invention allowed scientists to study cells more closely?
What invention allowed scientists to study cells more closely?
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Which component of the cell is responsible for controlling the normal activities of the cell?
Which component of the cell is responsible for controlling the normal activities of the cell?
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How many red blood cells are typically produced per day in an average individual?
How many red blood cells are typically produced per day in an average individual?
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What best describes an adaptation?
What best describes an adaptation?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the common characteristics of living things?
Which of the following is NOT one of the common characteristics of living things?
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What is the size comparison between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the size comparison between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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Which statement about Galen is incorrect?
Which statement about Galen is incorrect?
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What is the primary source of energy for plants?
What is the primary source of energy for plants?
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How do animals primarily obtain the energy they need?
How do animals primarily obtain the energy they need?
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Which of the following best describes a cell?
Which of the following best describes a cell?
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What is the process by which water particles diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane?
What is the process by which water particles diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane?
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What happens to water movement in a cell when the salt concentration is low?
What happens to water movement in a cell when the salt concentration is low?
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Why do unicellular organisms remain small in size?
Why do unicellular organisms remain small in size?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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What characterizes specialized cells in multicellular organisms?
What characterizes specialized cells in multicellular organisms?
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What term describes all the processes that occur within an organism to sustain its life?
What term describes all the processes that occur within an organism to sustain its life?
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What is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms?
What is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms?
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Which of the following statements about multicellular organisms is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about multicellular organisms is NOT true?
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Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following best describes eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes eukaryotic cells?
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What component of the cell membrane allows it to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell?
What component of the cell membrane allows it to control the passage of substances in and out of the cell?
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Which group of organisms primarily includes unicellular organisms?
Which group of organisms primarily includes unicellular organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular organisms?
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What is the main function of the cell membrane?
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
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What does the term 'selectively permeable' mean in the context of the cell membrane?
What does the term 'selectively permeable' mean in the context of the cell membrane?
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Which process allows oxygen to enter the cell without energy expenditure?
Which process allows oxygen to enter the cell without energy expenditure?
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What does osmosis specifically refer to?
What does osmosis specifically refer to?
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Which of the following correctly describes active transport?
Which of the following correctly describes active transport?
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Why can oxygen pass through the cell membrane?
Why can oxygen pass through the cell membrane?
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How does water movement during osmosis differ from other types of diffusion?
How does water movement during osmosis differ from other types of diffusion?
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What energy source is commonly used by cells during active transport?
What energy source is commonly used by cells during active transport?
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What is the primary method by which small molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, move across cell membranes?
What is the primary method by which small molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, move across cell membranes?
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Which of these is NOT a key factor that influences the rate of diffusion?
Which of these is NOT a key factor that influences the rate of diffusion?
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What is the definition of osmosis?
What is the definition of osmosis?
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Active transport requires energy. Why?
Active transport requires energy. Why?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?
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Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?
Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?
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How does the total magnification of a compound microscope work?
How does the total magnification of a compound microscope work?
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What factor primarily determines the resolution of a microscope?
What factor primarily determines the resolution of a microscope?
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Study Notes
Blood Cell Formation Rate
- Blood cell formation rate varies between individuals.
- A typical rate averages 200,000,000,000 red blood cells per day, 10,000,000,000 white blood cells per day, and 400,000,000,000 platelets per day.
Hemoglobin Structure
- Hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits (two alpha chains and two beta chains).
- Each subunit contains a heme group.
- The heme group has an iron ion (Fe2+) at its center, which binds to oxygen.
Galen's Contributions
- Galen (129-216 AD) was an early physician.
- His main interest was medicine
- He was a physician to gladiators.
- This allowed him to study wounds and the inner workings of the body
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living organisms are composed of cells.
- They require energy for sustenance.
- They grow and develop throughout their lifespan.
- They respond to stimuli from their surroundings
- They reproduce
- They have adaptations for their environment
Adaptations
- Adaptations are characteristics that allow organisms to survive in their environments.
- Organisms adapt to their environment for survival and success.
SARS-CoV-2 Variants (Dec 15, 2023)
- A complex diagram displays various SARS-CoV-2 variants, with connecting lines showing ancestry and lineages.
Organisms
- Organisms are individual animals, plants, or single-celled life forms.
- Organisms use different structures to perform similar functions.
- Organisms adapt to their environment.
Cells (Basic Unit of Life)
- All living organisms are made of cells.
- Cells originate from other cells.
- Cells are microscopic in size.
Cell Sizes
- Eukaryotic cells are approximately 50 micrometers.
- Bacterial cells are approximately 5 micrometers.
Cell Types
- Viruses (0.05-0.1 µm).
- Mycoplasma (0.1-0.5 µm).
- Bacteria (1-10 µm).
- Yeasts (3-10 µm).
- Eukaryotic cells (10-100 µm).
- Mycelia (100 µm-several metres).
Cells In Non-Living Things
- Non-living things do not contain cells.
Energy
- Organisms require energy to function.
- Plants use sunlight to make their own food.
- Animals obtain energy from their environment.
- Nutrients provide energy and materials.
- Metabolism is the sum of all processes that sustain life in an organism.
Cell Structures
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Cell Structures; The structures inside cells are called organelles.
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Cell membrane: Surrounds and protects the cell.
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Cell wall: Supports and protects the cell.
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Cytoplasm: Liquid inside the cell where activities occur
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Nucleus: Controls the cell's activities.
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Vacuoles: Stores food and wastes.
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Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
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Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, converts energy.
Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
- It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through.
Cytoplasm of a Cell
- Jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.
- Provides a medium for chemical reactions.
- Contains organelles that carry out specific functions.
Nucleus
- Controls cell activities.
- Contains the DNA (genetic information bearer).
Vacuole
- Stores food, minerals, wastes, and pigments.
Chloroplast
- Found only in plant cells.
- Contains chlorophyll (pigment) to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.
- Makes sugars for the plant.
Mitochondria
- Site of cellular respiration.
- Burns sugar to produce ATP (energy).
Cell Parts/Plant and Animal Cells
- Plant and animal cells contain a variety of parts including cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
Homework Assignments
- Check and Reflect page 109 Questions 1-3
- Draw, label, and color animal and plant cells on page 109
- Check and Reflect page 114. Questions 2 and 5
- Check and Reflect page 119. Questions 1b and c, 2, 4, and 5
Cell Types and Function
- Muscle- elongated and tapered; move parts of the body
- Skin - flat and thin; form a protective layer.
- Nerve - long branched; carry nerve signals.
- Blood- thin disc-like; carry oxygen
- Bone - thick and mineral-rich matrix; provide support.
Microscope
- Microscopes are instruments that make enlarged images of small objects.
- Light microscopes use lenses to bend light rays.
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
- Unicellular: Made of one cell, capable of all basic functions.
- Multicellular: Made of many cells working together, cells are specialized and work in harmony.
Amoeba Characteristics
- Live in water.
- Move using pseudopods (foot-like extensions).
- Capture food using pseudopods.
Paramecium Characteristics
- Live in fresh water.
- Move using cilia (hair-like structures).
- Gather food using cilia and an oral groove
Other Unicellular Organisms
- Bacteria.
- Protists (e.g., amoeba, paramecium).
Multicellular Organisms
- Made up of specialised cells working together.
- Have complex bodies, specialized cells, and various functions.
Microscope Parts
- Body tube, revolving nosepiece, objectives, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, ocular lenses, arm, stage, coarse & fine adjustment knobs, and base.
How Substances Move In and Out of Cells
- Substances move into and out of cells through osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.
- The cell membrane controls the exchange of substances.
Diffusion
- Movement of substances from high to low concentration.
- Liquids and gases move randomly from place to place.
Osmosis
- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Water moves from low to high salt concentrations.
Active Transport
- Movement of substances against their concentration gradient
- Requires energy (ATP) to move substances from low to high concentration.
Relation Between Cell Membrane and Osmosis
- The cell membrane keeps the water level constant.
- Salt concentration influences water movement.
- Water diffusion from inside to outside or vice versa is known as osmosis.
Cells and Systems (Additional)
- Check and Reflect page 88
- Check and Reflect page 125. Questions 1, 2, 4, and 6
Other
- Different parts of the cells are labeled and explained in further detail (slide 41 and 42)
Size Limits of Cells
- Larger organisms are made up of many smaller cells, minimizing the surface area to volume ratio and ensuring efficient chemical exchange.
Specialized Cells
- Specialized cells perform specific functions crucial to the life of a multicellular organism, such as red blood cells carrying oxygen.
Tissues
- Similar cells form tissues, performing specific functions.
Organs
- Groups of tissues working together make up organs.
Organ Systems
- Different organs working together to complete a specific function make up an organ system.
- Examples: cardiovascular system.
Tissue Types in Animals
- Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, and muscular tissue make up the four main types of tissues in animal cells.
Tissue Types in Plants
- Photosynthetic/storage tissue, protective tissue, and transport tissue are the main types of tissue in plants
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell biology with this quiz focused on key structures and their functions. Questions cover chloroplasts, cell membranes, and the basics of energy acquisition in both plants and animals. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cell biology concepts.
