Biology Cell Structures and Functions Quiz

Blood Cell Formation Rate

• Blood cell formation rate varies between individuals.
• A typical rate averages 200,000,000,000 red blood cells per day, 10,000,000,000 white blood cells per day, and 400,000,000,000 platelets per day.

Hemoglobin Structure

• Hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits (two alpha chains and two beta chains).
• Each subunit contains a heme group.
• The heme group has an iron ion (Fe2+) at its center, which binds to oxygen.

Galen's Contributions

• Galen (129-216 AD) was an early physician.
• His main interest was medicine
• He was a physician to gladiators.
• This allowed him to study wounds and the inner workings of the body

Characteristics of Living Things

• Living organisms are composed of cells.
• They require energy for sustenance.
• They grow and develop throughout their lifespan.
• They respond to stimuli from their surroundings
• They reproduce
• They have adaptations for their environment

Adaptations

• Adaptations are characteristics that allow organisms to survive in their environments.
• Organisms adapt to their environment for survival and success.

SARS-CoV-2 Variants (Dec 15, 2023)

• A complex diagram displays various SARS-CoV-2 variants, with connecting lines showing ancestry and lineages.

Organisms

• Organisms are individual animals, plants, or single-celled life forms.
• Organisms use different structures to perform similar functions.
• Organisms adapt to their environment.

Cells (Basic Unit of Life)

• All living organisms are made of cells.
• Cells originate from other cells.
• Cells are microscopic in size.

Cell Sizes

• Eukaryotic cells are approximately 50 micrometers.
• Bacterial cells are approximately 5 micrometers.

Cell Types

• Viruses (0.05-0.1 µm).
• Mycoplasma (0.1-0.5 µm).
• Bacteria (1-10 µm).
• Yeasts (3-10 µm).
• Eukaryotic cells (10-100 µm).
• Mycelia (100 µm-several metres).

Cells In Non-Living Things

• Non-living things do not contain cells.

Energy

• Organisms require energy to function.
• Plants use sunlight to make their own food.
• Animals obtain energy from their environment.
• Nutrients provide energy and materials.
• Metabolism is the sum of all processes that sustain life in an organism.

Cell Structures

• Cell Structures; The structures inside cells are called organelles.

• Cell membrane: Surrounds and protects the cell.

• Cell wall: Supports and protects the cell.

• Cytoplasm: Liquid inside the cell where activities occur

• Nucleus: Controls the cell's activities.

• Vacuoles: Stores food and wastes.

• Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

• Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, converts energy.

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
• It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through.

Cytoplasm of a Cell

• Jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.
• Provides a medium for chemical reactions.
• Contains organelles that carry out specific functions.

Nucleus

• Controls cell activities.
• Contains the DNA (genetic information bearer).

Vacuole

• Stores food, minerals, wastes, and pigments.

Chloroplast

• Found only in plant cells.
• Contains chlorophyll (pigment) to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.
• Makes sugars for the plant.

Mitochondria

• Site of cellular respiration.
• Burns sugar to produce ATP (energy).

Cell Parts/Plant and Animal Cells

• Plant and animal cells contain a variety of parts including cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.

Homework Assignments

• Check and Reflect page 109 Questions 1-3
• Draw, label, and color animal and plant cells on page 109
• Check and Reflect page 114. Questions 2 and 5
• Check and Reflect page 119. Questions 1b and c, 2, 4, and 5

Cell Types and Function

• Muscle- elongated and tapered; move parts of the body
• Skin - flat and thin; form a protective layer.
• Nerve - long branched; carry nerve signals.
• Blood- thin disc-like; carry oxygen
• Bone - thick and mineral-rich matrix; provide support.

Microscope

• Microscopes are instruments that make enlarged images of small objects.
• Light microscopes use lenses to bend light rays.

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

• Unicellular: Made of one cell, capable of all basic functions.
• Multicellular: Made of many cells working together, cells are specialized and work in harmony.

Amoeba Characteristics

• Live in water.
• Move using pseudopods (foot-like extensions).
• Capture food using pseudopods.

Paramecium Characteristics

• Live in fresh water.
• Move using cilia (hair-like structures).
• Gather food using cilia and an oral groove

Other Unicellular Organisms

• Bacteria.
• Protists (e.g., amoeba, paramecium).

Multicellular Organisms

• Made up of specialised cells working together.
• Have complex bodies, specialized cells, and various functions.

Microscope Parts

• Body tube, revolving nosepiece, objectives, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, ocular lenses, arm, stage, coarse & fine adjustment knobs, and base.

How Substances Move In and Out of Cells

• Substances move into and out of cells through osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.
• The cell membrane controls the exchange of substances.

Diffusion

• Movement of substances from high to low concentration.
• Liquids and gases move randomly from place to place.

Osmosis

• The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Water moves from low to high salt concentrations.

Active Transport

• Movement of substances against their concentration gradient
• Requires energy (ATP) to move substances from low to high concentration.

Relation Between Cell Membrane and Osmosis

• The cell membrane keeps the water level constant.
• Salt concentration influences water movement.
• Water diffusion from inside to outside or vice versa is known as osmosis.

Cells and Systems (Additional)

• Check and Reflect page 88
• Check and Reflect page 125. Questions 1, 2, 4, and 6

Other

• Different parts of the cells are labeled and explained in further detail (slide 41 and 42)

Size Limits of Cells

• Larger organisms are made up of many smaller cells, minimizing the surface area to volume ratio and ensuring efficient chemical exchange.

Specialized Cells

• Specialized cells perform specific functions crucial to the life of a multicellular organism, such as red blood cells carrying oxygen.

Tissues

• Similar cells form tissues, performing specific functions.

Organs

• Groups of tissues working together make up organs.

Organ Systems

• Different organs working together to complete a specific function make up an organ system.
• Examples: cardiovascular system.

Tissue Types in Animals

• Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, and muscular tissue make up the four main types of tissues in animal cells.

Tissue Types in Plants

• Photosynthetic/storage tissue, protective tissue, and transport tissue are the main types of tissue in plants