Organisation of the Organism

Animal cells do not have cell walls. Instead, they have a cell membrane that encloses the cell.

Plant cells have rigid cell walls made of cellulose. They provide structure and support.

These organelles are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA, which carries the genetic instructions for the cell's activities.

Animals store excess carbohydrates as glycogen. This is a complex carbohydrate that can be easily broken down for energy.

Plants store excess carbohydrates as starch. This is a complex carbohydrate that can be easily broken down for energy.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plant cells. It gives them strength and rigidity.

This is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce their own food (glucose) and release oxygen.

Long, thin, whip-like tails found on bacteria that allow them to move.

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, often found in diverse environments.

A rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yogurt.

A spherical bacterium that causes pneumonia.

Organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that are responsible for cellular respiration.

Tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis in cells.

A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that can be rough or smooth, involved in various functions including protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

Small sacs that transport substances within the cell.

A gel-like substance inside cells, mostly water with dissolved materials. It supports cell structures and is where many chemical reactions, including anaerobic respiration, happen.

A thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell. It controls what goes in and out, acting as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They are responsible for aerobic respiration, which produces energy (ATP) for the cell's activities.

A rigid layer outside the cell membrane, found only in plant cells. It is made of cellulose and provides extra support and shape.

A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells. It contains cell sap (water with sugars and salts), helps with storage and keeps the cell firm.

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, but have a cell wall, membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. They have circular DNA and may contain plasmids with extra genes.

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses throughout the body. It has a long axon for signal transmission and dendrites to receive signals from other neurons.

A specialized cell responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It lacks a nucleus and is biconcave shaped for efficient oxygen transport.

A sperm cell carries the male genetic material (DNA) in the form of a haploid nucleus, which is needed for fertilization to occur.

A specialized cell that contains the female genetic material (DNA) and is involved in fertilization. It is a relatively large cell with a haploid nucleus.

A specialized cell found in the roots of plants that absorbs water and minerals from the soil. It has a long, narrow extension to increase its surface area for efficient absorption.

A type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.

Xylem cells are dead and hollow, forming long tubes for water transport. They are strengthened by lignin, which provides structural support for the plant.

Specialized cells in plants, like root hair cells and xylem cells, have different structures and functions that enable them to perform specific tasks. This specialization optimizes their efficiency and ensures the overall survival of the plant.

The arrangement of living things from the simplest (cells) to the most complex (organism).

The basic unit of all living things. It is the smallest structure capable of carrying out life processes.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

A structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

A group of organs that work together to carry out a major life function.

A complete living being that is made up of different organ systems.

A tissue is made up of only one type of cell performing a specific function. An organ is made up of different tissues working together to perform a more complex function.

You should be able to recognise and label the different levels of organisation in drawings and diagrams.

Magnification has no units. It is a ratio representing how much larger an image is compared to the original object.

1 millimeter (mm) is equal to 1000 micrometers (µm). This conversion is crucial when working with microscopic measurements.

Ensure all measurements are in the same unit before performing calculations. This avoids errors and ensures consistency.

Extended tier questions may require converting units for accurate calculations, particularly when dealing with microscopic lengths.

When calculating magnification, remember to convert all length measurements to the same unit (like micrometers) before performing the calculation.