Plant and Animal Cells Quiz

Plant and Animal Cells

• Differences between plant and animal cells:

  • Plant cells have chloroplasts (chlorophyll), animal cells do not.
  • Plant cells contain a large central vacuole; animal cells may have small vacuoles.
  • Plant cells have a rigid cell wall; animal cells do not.
  • Plants store energy as starch or oils; animals store energy as glycogen.
  • Animal cells possess centrioles; plant cells generally do not.

• Organelles and their functions:

  • Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
  • Chromosomes: Carry genetic information.
  • Nucleolus: Small, dense area within the nucleus.
  • Ribosome: Site of protein production.
  • Cell Membrane: Protective barrier around the cell.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports materials (rough ER for protein synthesis, smooth ER for lipid synthesis).
  • Mitochondria: Cellular energy powerhouse.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Packages proteins.
  • Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
  • Lysosome: Breaks down waste and cellular debris.
  • Centriole: Involved in cell division.
  • Cell Wall: Rigid, protective outer layer of plant cells.
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plants, contain chlorophyll.

The Cell Cycle

• Mitosis stages: (Illustrative; include diagrams)

  • Mitosis: cell division. Cytokinesis: splitting of cytoplasm.
  • Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears
  • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
  • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
  • Telophase: chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane reforms.

• Interphase: Cell growth precedes mitosis

  • Growth phase 1 (G1): Cell grows, proteins and organelles are produced.
  • Synthesis phase (S): DNA is copied.
  • Growth phase 2 (G2): Organelles and structures needed for division are made.

• Cytokinesis vs. Mitosis: Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm during mitosis.

• Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.

Cell Specialization

• Stem cells vs. regular cells: Stem cells are unspecialized; regular cells are specialized. Embryonic stem cells are more versatile than adult stem cells.

• Differentiation: The process where cells develop different structures and functions.

• Cell Specialization: Cells develop specific structures to perform particular tasks.

Cancer Cells

• Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division.

• Normal cells vs. cancer cells: Normal cells stop dividing under appropriate conditions. Cancer cells ignore growth signals, divide uncontrollably, spread, and disrupt other cell behavior.

Animal Tissues

• Animal Tissue Types and Functions:
  • Epithelial: Lines body cavities and surfaces. Protection, secretion (glands)
  • Connective: Supports and protects structures. (blood, bones, cartilage, tendons)
  • Muscle: Allows for movement. (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
  • Nervous: Responds to stimuli and transmits information. (brain, spinal chord)

Animal Organs

• Organ Function Examples:
  • Heart: Pumps blood.
  • Stomach: Churns food, mixes with digestive juices.
  • Intestines: Absorbs nutrients and water.
  • Lungs: Gas exchange.
  • Skin: Regulates temperature, protection.

Organ Systems

• Organ System Examples:

  • Digestive: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination. (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder)

  • Circulatory: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. (heart, blood vessels)

  • Respiratory: Gas exchange. (lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli)

  • Nervous: Controls body functions, signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

  • Excretory: Eliminates wastes (Kidneys, bladder)

  • Digestive system pathway: Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

  • Organs NOT part of the digestive passage: Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

  • Muscle type in the digestive system: Smooth muscle.

  • Digestive organ lining: Epithelial tissue.

  • Respiratory gas exchange location: Alveoli in the lungs.

  • Circulatory and respiratory connection: Respiratory system provides oxygen to blood, removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system delivers oxygenated blood to cells and takes carbon dioxide back to the lungs for removal.