Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major organic compound group?
Which of the following is NOT a major organic compound group?
All cells contain a cell wall.
All cells contain a cell wall.
False
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration
What type of transport requires additional energy?
What type of transport requires additional energy?
Signup and view all the answers
The main component of genetic material is __________.
The main component of genetic material is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Passive transport does not require additional energy.
Passive transport does not require additional energy.
Signup and view all the answers
What structure directs all cellular activities?
What structure directs all cellular activities?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for proteins that assist in moving substances against the concentration gradient?
What is the term for proteins that assist in moving substances against the concentration gradient?
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the cell.
The cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Active transport requires energy in the form of __________.
Active transport requires energy in the form of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Granules where amino acids are combined to make _______ are called ribosomes.
Granules where amino acids are combined to make _______ are called ribosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Which process allows large molecules to enter a cell?
Which process allows large molecules to enter a cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Exocytosis is a process that brings materials inside the cell.
Exocytosis is a process that brings materials inside the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
What do you call the process of a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell?
What do you call the process of a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
The cell membrane is an impermeable barrier that does not allow any substances to pass through.
The cell membrane is an impermeable barrier that does not allow any substances to pass through.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'semi-permeable' mean in relation to the cell membrane?
What does the term 'semi-permeable' mean in relation to the cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
The cell membrane consists of a ___________________________ bilayer.
The cell membrane consists of a ___________________________ bilayer.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the terms related to the cell membrane with their definitions:
Match the terms related to the cell membrane with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
What type of molecules are phospholipids composed of?
What type of molecules are phospholipids composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
The heads of phospholipids are hydrophobic and face outward in the bilayer.
The heads of phospholipids are hydrophobic and face outward in the bilayer.
Signup and view all the answers
Lipids are _____________________ and they hate water.
Lipids are _____________________ and they hate water.
Signup and view all the answers
If the attachment point on the receptor protein is ____________________, the virus will not be able to enter the cell.
If the attachment point on the receptor protein is ____________________, the virus will not be able to enter the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of dialysis?
What are the two types of dialysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Toxins and wastes are normally eliminated by healthy kidneys during the dialysis process.
Toxins and wastes are normally eliminated by healthy kidneys during the dialysis process.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of dialysis?
What is the purpose of dialysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Both types of dialysis are based on the principles of ____________________ and ____________________.
Both types of dialysis are based on the principles of ____________________ and ____________________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the components of peritoneal dialysis with their functions:
Match the components of peritoneal dialysis with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
In peritoneal dialysis, what is the composition of the dialysate fluid compared to human body fluids?
In peritoneal dialysis, what is the composition of the dialysate fluid compared to human body fluids?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to waste materials in the blood during dialysis?
What happens to waste materials in the blood during dialysis?
Signup and view all the answers
The patient is able to perform peritoneal dialysis at _____________ while carrying out most daily activities.
The patient is able to perform peritoneal dialysis at _____________ while carrying out most daily activities.
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of dialysis is blood physically removed from the body, cleansed, and then returned?
In which type of dialysis is blood physically removed from the body, cleansed, and then returned?
Signup and view all the answers
Hemodialysis can be performed at home without any supervision.
Hemodialysis can be performed at home without any supervision.
Signup and view all the answers
What must reach all parts of the cell?
What must reach all parts of the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
The rate at which materials can enter or leave the cell is limited by the ______________ of the cell membrane.
The rate at which materials can enter or leave the cell is limited by the ______________ of the cell membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
As a cell grows larger, what becomes more difficult?
As a cell grows larger, what becomes more difficult?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
An increase in volume makes it easier for a cell to survive.
An increase in volume makes it easier for a cell to survive.
Signup and view all the answers
As the side length of a cube increases, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?
As the side length of a cube increases, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?
Signup and view all the answers
A larger cell can remove waste products and deliver nutrients more efficiently than a smaller cell.
A larger cell can remove waste products and deliver nutrients more efficiently than a smaller cell.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary issue for a very large cell regarding its efficiency?
What is the primary issue for a very large cell regarding its efficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Cells have developed into shapes that maximize their surface area without increasing their ____________ all that much.
Cells have developed into shapes that maximize their surface area without increasing their ____________ all that much.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following sphere measurements with their corresponding values:
Match the following sphere measurements with their corresponding values:
Signup and view all the answers
What mathematical formula is used to calculate the surface area of a sphere?
What mathematical formula is used to calculate the surface area of a sphere?
Signup and view all the answers
The surface area of a sphere increases more rapidly than its volume as the radius increases.
The surface area of a sphere increases more rapidly than its volume as the radius increases.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the SA/V ratio for a sphere with a surface area of 1309 cm² and a volume of 113.097 cm³?
What is the SA/V ratio for a sphere with a surface area of 1309 cm² and a volume of 113.097 cm³?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the basic unit of life, exhibiting increasing complexity from simple to complex structures.
- Cells facilitate life processes like nutrient intake, growth, responses to stimuli, gas exchange, waste removal, and reproduction.
- Two basic types are prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus) and eukaryotes (containing a nucleus).
- Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with a simple structure, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes are larger and can be single or multicellular, containing a nucleus and numerous membrane-bound organelles.
Chemical Composition of Cells
- Major elements in plant and animal cells are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- These elements form four major organic compounds: lipids (fats and oils, sugars, starches, cellulose), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (primary component of genetic material).
- Both plant and animal cells have an internal protein and lipid network called the cytoskeleton, supporting the cell structure.
Cell Organelles
- Organelles are specialized structures within cells performing specific functions.
- Cell membrane: A protective membrane controlling material transport in and out of the cell.
- Cell wall (plant cells only): Provides strength and support.
- Cytoplasm (cytosol): Gel-like substance containing organelles and nutrients.
- Nucleus: Directs cellular activities, containing DNA.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, converting chemical energy in sugars into usable energy for the cell.
- Golgi apparatus: Receives, processes, and packages substances for transport.
- Ribosomes: Where proteins are synthesized.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): System of interconnected tubes for material transport throughout the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis.
- Vacuoles and vesicles: Often involved in storage and transport of substances. Large central vacuole in plant cells stores water.
- Chloroplasts (plant cells only): Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Lysosomes (animal cells only): Contain enzymes crucial for breaking down and recycling cellular components.
- Centrioles (animal cells only): Involved in cell division.
Lesson 2.2: The Role of the Cell Membrane in Transport
- Cell membranes maintain internal equilibrium (balance).
- Semi-permeable, allowing some materials to pass through but not others.
- Phospholipid bilayer is the primary structure.
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, naturally forming a bilayer
- Fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane's structure as a fluid and dynamic arrangement of various components.
- Proteins (channel, carrier) embedded in the membrane assist in specific substance transport across the membrane
- Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) requires no energy, movement with the concentration gradient and Active transport (carrier proteins) needs energy, moving against the concentration gradient
Osmosis
- Osmosis is water movement across a selectively permeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations between two areas.
- Water flows from low solute and high water concentration to high solute and low water concentration.
- Differences in solute concentrations lead to differences in water concentrations
- These differences create a concentration gradient causing water to move through osmosis.
- Reverse osmosis is the process of using pressure to pull water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing solutes (like salts) from water.
Solutions and Tonicity
- Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell. Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink, which might cause cells to die
- Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cell. Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. This may cause cells to burst
- Isotonic solutions have an equal solute concentration as the cell. No net water movement.
Facilitated Transport
- Substances move through the cell membrane using transport proteins.
- Channel proteins create passages through the membrane.
- Carrier proteins change shape to transport substances across the membrane, potentially against a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
- Active transport moves substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
- Energy (ATP) is required.
- Transport proteins (pumps) are essential for this process.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis takes in large molecules/particles.
- Vesicles form around the material to bring it into the cell
- Exocytosis releases materials from the cell
Lesson 2.4: Surface Area and Cell Volume
- Cell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio.
- Larger cells have smaller surface area-to-volume ratios and have difficulty transporting materials across the membrane, potentially causing them to die.
- Multicellular organisms use specialized cell structures to address and overcome this issue like villi and root hairs.
Other relevant concepts
- Protein hormones affect target cells in the body, regulating various functions
- Synthetic membrane technologies (e.g., liposomes) mimic natural functions within cells.
- Dialysis is a medical procedure using diffusion and osmosis to remove waste products from the blood.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cell structure and functions in biology. This quiz covers various organelles, their roles, and types of transport mechanisms. Challenge yourself to identify correct functions and processes involved in cellular activities.
