Cell Biology Quiz: Cellular Structure and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a ribosome?

  • Energy storage
  • Protein synthesis (correct)
  • Signal reception
  • Cell division

    • During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

  • G2 phase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase (correct)
  • M phase

    • What type of transport mechanism involves the movement of two substances in the same direction across a cell membrane?

  • Passive diffusion
  • Antisport
  • Symport (correct)
  • Uniport

    • Which process transforms RNA sequences into protein sequences?

    <p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sodium-potassium pumps play in a cell?

    <p>They help maintain ionic balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of tight junctions?

    <p>They prevent leakage of fluids between cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does signal transduction refer to?

    <p>Conversion of signals into cellular responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sister chromatids?

    <p>Identical copies of a chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a centriole in a cell?

    <p>Formation of microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the division of the cytoplasm during cell division?

    <p>Cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do channel proteins serve in a cell membrane?

    <p>Selective molecule passage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a chemical synapse?

    <p>A junction where chemical messengers transmit signals between neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about chromatin in a cell?

    <p>It is composed of DNA and proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP serve in cellular processes?

    <p>They function as second messenger molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is specifically involved in the attachment of sister chromatids during cell division?

    <p>Centromere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cilia on cells?

    <p>Movement and propelling substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus within a cell?

    <p>Producing ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

    <p>Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a polar molecule from a nonpolar molecule?

    <p>Its ability to dissolve in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport mechanism requires energy directly from ATP?

    <p>Primary active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>To specifically uptake certain ligands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does osmolarity specifically measure in a solution?

    <p>The total concentration of solute particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the effect of proteins in a solution on osmotic pressure?

    <p>Oncotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential primarily related to?

    <p>The balance of charge across the cell membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ribosome

    A complex of RNA and proteins, responsible for protein synthesis.

    Secondary active transport

    Uses energy from a concentration gradient (created by primary active transport) to move substances across a membrane.

    Secretory vesicle

    A vesicle containing substances that will be released from the cell.

    Signal transduction

    Converting external signals into internal cellular responses.

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    Sister chromatids

    Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.

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    S phase

    The phase in the cell cycle where DNA replicates.

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    Transcription

    The process of creating an RNA copy from a DNA sequence.

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    Translation

    Converting an RNA sequence into a protein sequence.

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    Neurotransmitter

    A chemical messenger released by neurons to transmit signals between them. It binds to receptors on the next neuron to continue the signal.

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    Nonpolar molecule

    A molecule with no separation of electrical charge. It does not have a positive and negative end.

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    Nucleus

    The control center of a cell, containing DNA and responsible for regulating cellular activities.

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    Organ

    A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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    Organelle

    A specialized compartment within a cell with a specific function, like a miniature organ.

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    Osmosis

    The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

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    Passive transport

    Movement of substances across a membrane without requiring energy, going with the concentration gradient.

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    Receptor

    A protein that binds to a specific signaling molecule to trigger a cellular response.

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    Cellular metabolism

    The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell, encompassing energy production, breakdown, and biosynthesis.

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    Chemical synapse

    A specialized junction between neurons where chemical messengers transmit signals, allowing communication between nerve cells.

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    Centromere

    The constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached, playing a crucial role in cell division.

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    Chromatin

    The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes, containing the genetic information of a cell.

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    Cilia

    Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of some cells, involved in movement and sensing.

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    Concentration gradient

    The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, driving the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

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    Cyclin

    A protein that regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), controlling the progression of the cell cycle.

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    Cytoskeleton

    A network of protein filaments within a cell that provides structural support, aids in movement, and facilitates transport within the cell.

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    Study Notes

    Cellular Specialization

    • Cells become specialized through differentiation or maturation
    • Eight specialized cellular functions: movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication

    Cellular Structure and Components

    • Eukaryotic cells have three main components: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles
    • Nucleus, the largest organelle, controls genetic information and cellular division
    • Cytoplasm (cytosol) is the aqueous solution that fills the space between the nucleus and plasma membrane
    • Organelles are enclosed in biological membranes and suspended in the cytoplasm

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Network of tubular channels (cisternae) extending through the outer nuclear membrane
    • Responsible for protein and lipid synthesis, transport, and protein folding, and stress sensing

    Golgi Complex

    • Network of smooth membranes and vesicles near the nucleus
    • Processes and packages proteins into secretory vesicles for intracellular and extracellular destinations

    Lysosomes

    • Sac-like structures from the Golgi complex, containing digestive enzymes
    • Digest cellular substances (amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates)
    • Also have a role in nutrient-dependent signal transduction, mediating cell functions like sensing nutrients, adapting to metabolism, and quality control of proteins and organelles

    Peroxisomes

    • Similar to lysosomes but contain oxidative enzymes (catalase, urate oxidase)

    Mitochondria

    • Found in abundance in most cells
    • Involved in cellular respiration and energy production
    • Enzymes in the inner membrane generate ATP, the cell's main energy currency

    Cytosol

    • Liquid portion of cytoplasm
    • Site of intermediary metabolism (enzymatic reactions), ribosomal protein synthesis, and storage of carbohydrates, fat, and secretory vesicles

    Cytoskeleton

    • Internal skeleton composed of protein filaments (microtubules, actin filaments)
    • Provides structural support and movement

    Plasma Membrane

    • Encloses the cell and controls substance movement
    • Lipid bilayer structure with proteins responsible for various functions (receptors, pores, transport channels, enzymes, markers, adhesion molecules)

    Membrane Proteins

    • Essential for membrane function
    • Recognition and binding units (for materials entering/exiting)
    • Transport channels
    • Active pumps
    • Cell surface markers
    • Adhesion molecules
    • Catalysts for chemical reactions

    Protein Synthesis and Transport

    • Proteins are made of amino acid chains (polypeptides)
    • Proteins move between compartments via gated transport, protein translocation or vesicular transport
    • Maintaining the balance of protein synthesis, folding, and degradation (proteostasis) is crucial for cellular health

    Cellular Receptors

    • Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus
    • Recognize and bind to smaller molecules (ligands)
    • Initiates cellular signaling cascade

    Cell-to-Cell Adhesions

    • Formed on plasma membranes enabling tissues/organ formation
    • Three mechanisms: extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), specialized cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions)

    Cellular Communication

    • Cell communication occurs via three main ways
    • Display of plasma membrane receptors impacting itself or other cells
    • Activate membrane-bound signaling molecules impacting intracellular receptors
    • Forming protein channels (gap junctions) connecting adjacent cells

    Signal Transduction

    • Conversion of extracellular signals to intracellular responses
    • Pathways have multiple functions including signal transfer, amplification, distribution, and modulation
    • Examples include cAMP and Ca++ second messenger pathways

    Cellular Metabolism

    • Chemical tasks necessary for cellular function
    • Anabolism (energy-demanding synthesis reactions)
    • Catabolism (energy-releasing breakdown reactions)
    • ATP is the energy-transferring molecule

    Membrane Transport

    • Cell survival/growth necessitates constant molecule exchange with the environment
    • Simple diffusion of small molecules (O₂, CO₂) across the lipid bilayer
    • Specialized membrane transport proteins crucial for transporting other molecules (transporters, channels)
    • Active transport requires energy expenditure (e.g., to move large molecules or against concentration gradients)
    • Includes passive transport through pores and active transport using energy like ATP

    Cellular Reproduction (Cell Cycle)

    • Essential for life's continuity
    • Continual cell growth and division
    • Involves both nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
    • Interphase, a stage of cellular life, is when cells mature and can divide.
    • Cell cycle steps (G1, S, G2, M) involve specific processes like DNA synthesis.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of cellular specialization, structure, and the roles of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. This quiz covers the essential functions and components of eukaryotic cells crucial for life. Prepare to explore topics like differentiation, organelle function, and cellular communication.

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