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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
What is the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Which coping strategy is considered ineffective?
Which coping strategy is considered ineffective?
What does contralateral control refer to in the context of the brain?
What does contralateral control refer to in the context of the brain?
What type of stress is known as beneficial and can motivate individuals?
What type of stress is known as beneficial and can motivate individuals?
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Which part of the limbic system is primarily responsible for emotional responses?
Which part of the limbic system is primarily responsible for emotional responses?
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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
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What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?
What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?
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Which factor best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Which factor best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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What are the main neurotransmitters involved in the response to stress?
What are the main neurotransmitters involved in the response to stress?
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What is one benefit of exercise related to mental health?
What is one benefit of exercise related to mental health?
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What characterizes the exhaustion phase in the general adaptation syndrome?
What characterizes the exhaustion phase in the general adaptation syndrome?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system respond during a stressful situation?
How does the sympathetic nervous system respond during a stressful situation?
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Which visual structure is responsible for the partial crossing of optic nerve fibers?
Which visual structure is responsible for the partial crossing of optic nerve fibers?
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Which appraisal process evaluates resources and options to cope with a stressor?
Which appraisal process evaluates resources and options to cope with a stressor?
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What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in neurotransmitter activity?
What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in neurotransmitter activity?
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Which type of coping strategy focuses on directly addressing the problem at hand?
Which type of coping strategy focuses on directly addressing the problem at hand?
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Which pathway is responsible for processing 'what' information about objects?
Which pathway is responsible for processing 'what' information about objects?
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What is the primary role of the tend-and-befriend stress response?
What is the primary role of the tend-and-befriend stress response?
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Which of the following best describes the role of rods in vision?
Which of the following best describes the role of rods in vision?
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In the context of color vision, which of the following is an example of the opponent process theory?
In the context of color vision, which of the following is an example of the opponent process theory?
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What principle does the gate control theory of pain propose?
What principle does the gate control theory of pain propose?
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Study Notes
Stress
- Stress is defined as a response to perceived threats or challenges and can be categorized into eustress (positive) and distress (negative).
- Acute stress is short-term, while chronic stress involves prolonged pressure and daily hassles.
- Examples include preparing for an exam as eustress and job loss as distress.
Biology & Behavior
- Types of neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
- Neuron parts: dendrites (receive signals), cell body (processes information), axon (conducts impulses), synapse (transmits signals).
- Resting potential refers to the inactive state of a neuron, while action potential signifies an active impulse; the all-or-none law states that a neuron fires completely or not at all.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters facilitate communication between neurons and are reabsorbed in the process of reuptake.
- Major neurotransmitters include dopamine (movement, emotion) and serotonin (mood regulation).
- Distinction between agonists (enhance neurotransmitter effects) and antagonists (block effects).
Stress and the Body
- The HPA-axis coordinates the body's stress response and relates to the sympathetic nervous system.
- Cortisol, released during stress, regulates metabolism and immune response.
- Biological response to stress includes three stages of general adaptation syndrome: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Coping with Stress
- Primary appraisal evaluates stress impact, while secondary appraisal assesses coping resources.
- Coping strategies can be problem-focused (addressing the stressor) or emotion-focused (regulating emotional response).
- Perceived control over stressors enhances coping effectiveness.
Central Nervous System
- Comprises the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system includes somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) systems.
- The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight," while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest."
Cerebral Cortex
- Four lobes: frontal (planning, decision-making), parietal (sensory information), occipital (vision), temporal (auditory processing).
- Functions of primary somatosensory cortex: processing touch and bodily sensations; primary motor cortex: initiating voluntary movements.
- Contralateral control indicates each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.
Limbic System and Emotion
- Parts of the limbic system include the hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotion regulation), and hypothalamus (hormonal control).
Sensation & Perception
- Sensation involves sensory detection, while perception is the interpretation of sensory input.
- Transduction converts stimuli into neural signals for processing.
- Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus detectable; just noticeable difference measures perception change.
- Sensory adaptation occurs when sensitivity diminishes with repeated exposure.
Visual Processing
- Light travels through the eye, hits the retina, and is processed via the optic chiasm.
- Rods (sensitive to light) and cones (color detection) are photoreceptors in the retina.
- Gestalt laws govern perception organization, facilitating pattern recognition.
Auditory and Olfactory Processing
- Sound waves travel through the ear canal, vibrate the eardrum, and are converted to neural signals.
- Smell travels through olfactory receptors and enters the brain via the olfactory bulb.
Touch and Other Senses
- Touch is registered through pressure, temperature, and pain receptors, with signals sent to the brain.
- Gate control theory explains pain perception modulation through competing stimuli.
- Kinesthetic sense provides awareness of body position and movement; vestibular sense maintains balance and spatial orientation.
Health & Well-being
- The biomedical model focuses solely on biological factors, while the biopsychosocial model incorporates psychological and social factors in health.
- The tend-and-befriend response emphasizes social support during stress.
- Social support plays a vital role in coping and enhancing immune functioning.
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Description
Prepare for your upcoming exam on October 3 with this quiz focused on Chapters 3, 11, and 5. You will explore the definitions and types of stress, differentiating between eustress and distress, and understanding the HPA-axis and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system.
