Biology: Basic Needs and Symbiosis
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Questions and Answers

What are the basic needs of any organism?

  • Food, shelter, and reproduction
  • Food, reproduction, and adaptation
  • Food, shelter, and maintenance of species (correct)
  • Shelter, reproduction, and speciation

    • What is the term used to describe two organisms living in close association?

  • Symbiosis (correct)
  • Parasitism
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism

    • What type of symbiotic relationship is characterized by one symbiont being mechanically carried by the other?

  • Parasitism
  • Mutualism
  • Phoresis (correct)
  • Commensalism

    • In which type of symbiotic relationship do both symbionts benefit from the association?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the outcome of interactions between symbionts?

    <p>Outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first described the concept of symbiosis?

    <p>A. de Bary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of mutualism in the context of parasitology?

    <p>Certain blood-digesting bacteria in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the literal meaning of the term 'symbiosis'?

    <p>Living together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that means 'eating at the same table' in a biological context?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite lives on the surface of its host?

    <p>Ectoparasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for getting an endoparasite?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship?

    <p>Humans and Entamoeba gingivalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which parasites harm their hosts?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for getting an ectoparasite?

    <p>Infestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a parasite?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study of all ecological aspects of a disease in a population?

    <p>To explain its transmission, distribution, prevalence, and incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of arthropods in the context of parasitology?

    <p>Entomology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of worms in the context of parasitology?

    <p>Helminthology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of primitive organisms in the context of parasitology?

    <p>Protozoology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overarching term that encompasses the study of protozoa, helminths, and arthropods in the context of parasitology?

    <p>Parasitology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study of ecological aspects of a disease in a population in relation to parasitology?

    <p>To explain the transmission, distribution, prevalence, and incidence of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reservoir in the context of parasites?

    <p>Any animal or environment in which the parasite can survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the set of hosts that a parasite can use as a partner?

    <p>Host range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a parasite with absolute host specificity?

    <p>Pork tapeworm in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for parasites that infect more than one host species to complete their life cycles?

    <p>Heteroxenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sequence of phases of growth, reproduction, and transmission between different hosts and environments?

    <p>Life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a parasite that exhibits hyperparasitism?

    <p>Tapeworm larvae in fleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a parasite that infects a single species?

    <p>Homoxenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an arthropod play in the transmission of parasites?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Helminths ova or protozoan cysts?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)?

    <p>Eating raw or undercooked meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of transmission for protozoan cysts by houseflies?

    <p>Mechanically by non-blood sucking insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Heterophyes heterophyes?

    <p>Eating raw, undercooked or under-salted fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Malaria?

    <p>Biologically by bite of blood-sucking insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Scabies?

    <p>Direct contact with an infested person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Hymenolepis nana?

    <p>Ingestion of insect containing the infective stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Needs and Symbiosis

    • Any organism requires food, shelter, and maintenance of species to survive.
    • Symbiosis refers to the close association between two organisms, where one lives in or on the body of the other.
    • There are three types of symbiotic relationships:
      • Phoresis: one symbiont is mechanically carried by the other, with no physiological or biochemical dependence.
      • Mutualism: both symbionts benefit from the association.
      • Commensalism: one partner benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
      • Parasitism: one partner, the parasite, harms or lives at the expense of the host.

    Characteristics of Parasites

    • Parasites can cause mechanical injury, stimulate a damaging inflammatory or immune response, and rob the host of nutrition.
    • Most parasites inflict a combination of these conditions on their hosts.

    Types of Parasites

    • Ectoparasites live on the surface of their host, and getting them is called infestation.
    • Endoparasites live in the body of their host, and getting them is called infection.
    • Reservoirs are animals or environments in which parasites can survive and reproduce, potentially transmitting them to humans.
    • Vectors are arthropods that transmit parasites to humans and their domestic animals.

    Host Range and Life Cycles

    • The host range of a parasite refers to the set of hosts it can use as a partner.
    • Host specificity determines the range of hosts a parasite can infect.
    • Some parasites have absolute host specificity, while others can infect multiple hosts.
    • Hyperparasitism occurs when parasites host other parasites.

    Life Cycles of Parasites

    • Life cycles can be complex (heteroxenous) or direct (homoxenous).
    • Complex life cycles require multiple host species to complete, while direct life cycles only require a single host species.

    Modes of Transmission

    • Contact transmission occurs through:
      • Direct contact with an infested person.
      • Indirect contact with contaminated items.
      • Sexual contact.
    • Ingestion transmission occurs through:
      • Consuming contaminated food or water.
      • Eating raw, undercooked, or under-salted meat or fish.
    • Vector-borne transmission occurs through:
      • Mechanical transmission by non-blood sucking insects.
      • Biological transmission by the bite of blood-sucking insects.
      • Ingestion of insects containing the infective stage.

    Medical Parasitology and Ecology

    • Medical parasitology is the study of all ecological aspects of disease to explain transmission, distribution, prevalence, and incidence in a population.
    • The field involves the study of protozoology, helminthology, and entomology.

    Definition of Protozoa

    • Protozoa are single-celled organisms often referred to as "primitive" animals.

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    Description

    Learn about the basic necessities of life, including food and shelter, and understand the different types of symbiotic relationships between organisms.

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