Biology: Antibiotics and Photosynthesis

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Questions and Answers

What is another name for pantothenic acid?

Pyridoxal

Butyric acid

Pyridoxine

Chick an derma s factor (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a dietary source of vitamin B5?

Fruits (correct)

Animal organs

Cereal grains

Vegetables

What is one of the primary functions of vitamin B5 in the body?

Synthesis of neurotransmitters (correct)

Regulating blood sugar levels

Production of red blood cells

Formation of collagen

What deficiency symptom is associated with pantothenic acid?

Fatigue and sleep disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is commonly associated with vitamin B6?

Pyridoxol Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B5 contributes to the repair of which of the following?

Skin and hair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of vitamin B5 related to lipids?

Lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is linked to a deficiency of vitamin B6?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To absorb light energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about erythromycin is correct?

It is derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the photosynthesis process?

Light energy splits glucose molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary metabolites exemplified by antibiotics such as erythromycin and bacitracin primarily used for?

Defense against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical roles of vitamin B12 during early pregnancy?

Reduces the risk of birth defects of the brain and spine Signup and view all the answers

In the photosynthesis equation, what is produced as a result of the process?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a deficiency of vitamin B12?

Glossitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pigment is most prevalent in green plants and primarily responsible for capturing light energy?

Chlorophyll a Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of water in the process of photosynthesis?

To provide electrons for glucose production Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin B12 play in the metabolism of amino acids?

Conversion of homocysteine to methionine Signup and view all the answers

What is the most stable form of vitamin B12 used in therapy?

Cyanocobalamin Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of photosynthesis occur within plant cells?

In the chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin B12 impact nerve health?

Maintains a special lining that surrounds and protects nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the metabolic processes vitamin B12 is involved in?

Fatty acid metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient's metabolism is NOT directly associated with vitamin B12?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Beri Beri?

Alcohol dependence Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia is prevented by the function of vitamin B12?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main dietary source of riboflavin?

Dairy products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is true?

It can change into lumichrome or lumiavine. Signup and view all the answers

What role does riboflavin play in the body?

Coenzyme functions in energy release Signup and view all the answers

During the absorption of riboflavin, which factor enhances its uptake into intestinal cells?

Bile salt Signup and view all the answers

Where does riboflavin occur in food?

As riboflavin 5'-phosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is NOT converted into its active coenzyme form by riboflavin?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What happens to riboflavin when exposed to light?

It converts to lumichrome or lumiavine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cardioactive glycosides on cardiac muscle?

Increase tone, excitability, and contractility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of the cardenolide?

Has a butenolide lactone ring attached at C17 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a glycoside type that contains a six-membered lactone ring?

Bufadienolides Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to all cardioactive glycosides?

Presence of β-OH at position C-3 Signup and view all the answers

What type of aglycone is represented by digitoxigenin?

Cardenolide Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components can be linked in series at the glycone portion of cardiac glycosides?

Four monosaccharide molecules Signup and view all the answers

In the scilladienolide, which lactone ring type is attached at C-17?

Pentadienolide Signup and view all the answers

Which position of the cardiac glycosides is NOT identified as having an OH group?

C-20 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### Antibiotics

Erythromycin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
It is derived from a bacteria called Saccharopolyspora erythraea.
Erythromycin is commonly administered orally.
Bacitracin is another common antibiotic used topically.
Bacitracin is produced by bacteria called Bacillus subtilis.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
This process occurs in chloroplasts.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 12 H2O (water) + light energy -> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) +6H2O (water).

Steps of Photosynthesis:

Carbon dioxide enters the plant through openings called stomata.
Water is absorbed from the soil by root hairs and transported to the leaves through xylem vessels.
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun, which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to produce glucose.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a waste product.
Glucose is used for plant growth and development and stored in roots, leaves, and fruits for later use.

### Pigments

Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect the unabsorbed light.
Green plants contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
Chlorophyll a is the main pigment that captures light energy.

### Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

Riboflavin is a yellow, heat-stable vitamin that is slightly soluble in water.
It is sensitive to light and degrades into lumichrome or lumiflavin when exposed to light.
Riboflavin's richest natural source is yeast.
Other good sources include dairy products, eggs, legumes, and meats.
Riboflavin is stable during cooking in the absence of light.

### Uses of Vitamin B2

Riboflavin acts as a coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions.
It is involved in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Riboflavin stimulates growth and reproduction.
It plays a role in vision.
Riboflavin helps convert vitamins B6, folic acid, and niacin into their active coenzyme forms.

### Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic Acid

Pantothenic acid is a component of the vitamin B complex.
It is also known as the "chick antidermatitis factor".
It is naturally occurring compound that is broken down into B-alanine and pantoic acid upon hydrolysis.
Rich sources of pantothenic acid include animal organs (heart, kidney, liver), and cereal grains.

### Uses of Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid is involved in turning food into energy.
It is involved in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.
It helps in maintaining and repairing tissues and cells of the skin and hair.
It helps in healing of wounds and lesions.
It helps in maintaining normal blood lipid levels.

### Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 refers to pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
These are three closely related, naturally occurring, highly substituted pyridine derivatives with comparable physiological activity.
Pyridoxine is the term used for pyridoxol in pharmacy and medicine.
Vitamin B6 helps in the production of DNA and RNA.

Uses of Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is involved in metabolising proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
It is involved in the metabolism of vitamins and amino acids.
It helps in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and amino acids.
It is crucial during early pregnancy to reduce the risk of birth defects of the brain and spine.
It is required for the synthesis of glycine, methionine, nucleosides T & U.

### Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 (cobalamins) are porphyrin-related corrinoid derivatives that act as extrinsic factors to prevent pernicious anemia.
Cyanocobalamin is the most stable form of vitamin B12 and is most commonly used in therapy.
Hydroxocobalamin is another therapeutic form of vitamin B12, where the cyano group is replaced with a hydroxyl group.

### Uses of Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 acts as a coenzyme in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
It plays a role in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids.
It is involved in the production of neurotransmitters.
It maintains the protective lining around nerve fibers.
It is required for bone cell activity.
It plays a significant role in DNA synthesis.

### Cardioactive Glycosides

These glycosides have a highly specific action on cardiac muscle, increasing its tone, excitability, and contractility.
The aglycone of these glycosides is called a "cardiac genin".
Cardiac genins are steroid derivatives of cyclopentaphenanthrene containing an unsaturated lactone ring attached to C17.

### Structure of Cardioactive Glycosides

Two types of genins are distinguished based on the presence of a five- or six-membered lactone ring.
Cardenolides (e.g., digitoxigenin) have a five-membered lactone ring.
Bufanolides (e.g., scillarenin) have a six-membered lactone ring.

### Cardenolides

Cardenolides contain a butenolide (4 carbons) lactone ring attached at C17.
Examples include glycosides of digitalis and strophanthus species.
Digitalis glycosides have an R group of CH3.
Strophanthus glycosides have an R group of CHO or CH2OH.

### Bufadienolides

Bufadienolides contain a pentadienolide (5 carbons with two double bonds) lactone ring attached at C17.
Examples include squill glycosides and bufotoxin.
Squill glycosides have an R1 group of OH and an R2 group of H.
Bufotoxin has ester groups at both R1 and R2 positions.

### General Properties of Cardioactive Glycosides

They have a β-OH group at position C-3, involved in a glycosidic linkage to a mono, di, tri, or tetrasaccharide.
They have another β-OH group at C-14.
They have an unsaturated 5 or 6-membered lactone ring at position C-17, also in the β configuration.
Additional OH groups may be present at C-5, C-11, and C-16.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to antibiotics, focusing on erythromycin and bacitracin, alongside the process of photosynthesis. Explore how these biological processes are essential for health and energy conversion in plants.