Biology and Spinal Cord Injury Quiz

BIO280: Pathophysiology Lecture Outlines

• Course outline created to aid student study, includes lecture and exam content, space for notes, supplemental worksheets, and previous student resources.

Strategies for Success

• Course designed as a "flipped classroom", video lectures and case studies done before Zoom sessions for deeper understanding.
• Module quizzes are interactive, designed to assess comprehension and mastery of module content, to be completed after significant study time.
• Course is fast-paced, providing a foundation for pathophysiological principles used throughout the nursing program.
• Pathophysiology and pharmacology exams are staggered.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusiveness

• Language used in the materials surrounding genetics is intended to promote inclusivity across genders and sexual orientations.

Module 1 – Week 1: Fluid and Electrolytes; Acid/Base Balance

• Fluid distribution: 60% of body weight is water, 2/3 intracellular and 1/3 extracellular
• Intracellular fluids are inside cells; extracellular fluids include intravascular (blood), interstitial (tissues), and transcellular.
• Fluid regulation: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)/Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) affects plasma volume, blood pressure, and vascular tone.
• Key hormones of RAAS: Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone
• Water follows salt (sodium).

Module 1 – Week 1: Edema

• Edema is fluid leaving blood vessels and entering interstitial space.
• Causes of edema: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloidal osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
• Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the blood vessels; osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the blood vessels.

Module 1 – Week 1: Fluid Volume Imbalance

• Excessive water loss results in decreased blood volume and increased blood osmolality, characterized by decreased blood pressure, weight loss, and concentrated urine.
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is characterized by excessive ADH, fluid overload, hyponatremia, concentrated urine, and edema.

Module 1 – Week 1: Electrolytes: Sodium (Na+)

• Normal lab values: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Sodium regulates fluid volume and movement.
• Hyponatremia: low sodium, symptoms include irritability, confusion, headache, muscle cramps.
• Hypernatremia: high sodium, symptoms include thirst, lethargy, fatigue, confusion etc.

Module 1 – Week 1: Electrolytes: Potassium (K+)

• Normal lab values: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
• Potassium regulates cardiac muscle conduction.
• Hypokalemia: low potassium, delayed repolarization, causing cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Hyperkalemia: high potassium, causes a sharper T-wave in ECG, can cause cardiac dysrhythmias.

Module 1 – Week 1: Electrolytes: Calcium (Ca2+)/Phosphate (PO4+)/Magnesium (Mg2+)

• Calcium: 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
• Hypocalcemia: low Calcium, causes Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs.
• Hypercalcemia: high Calcium, causes anorexia, nausea, dehydration, and muscle weakness.
• Phosphate: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
• Important for bone density and enzymatic reactions.
• Hypophosphatemia vs. Hyperphosphatemia – Symptoms based on Calcium and Phosphate levels (opposite relationship).
• Magnesium: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L, related to muscle and nervous system function.
• Hypomagnesemia vs. Hypermagnesemia – symptoms depend on levels.

Module 2 – Week 2: Pathogens/Immune System

• Pathogens: Organisms causing disease (Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths / Worms).
• Bacteria shapes: Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped).
• Most common bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli
• Viral infections: Example - Coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, influenza, herpes simplex.
• Protozoa: Single-celled organisms: Examples – Giardia, malaria, Trichomoniasis, Toxoplasmosis.
• Fungi: Example - Candida, Tinea.
• Helminths / Worms: Example - pinworm, tapeworm.
• Routes of transmission: Aerosol, airborne, droplet, fomite, direct contact, vector, oral, zoonotic.
• Establishing infection (Steps): Entrance, adherence, colonization, avoid host defenses, create host injury.

Module 2 – Week 2: Immune System/WBC Disorders

• Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymph Nodes/Lymphatics, Spleen.
• Important roles of these structures in immunity and surveillance.
• Innate vs Adaptive immunity
• Types of White Blood Cells: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes.
• Innate and adaptive responses.

Modules 3 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10-11

• The modules cover cell response to injury and cancer, inflammation, pain, neurodegenerative diseases, mental health disorders, renal system, and cardiovascular system.
• They include discussions of specific diseases, their symptoms, causes, and treatments within these systems.

Module 13 (Oral, Esophageal, Gastric disorders) - 14 & 15

• Describes topics like oral lesions (candidiasis, HSV-1, stomatitis), hiatal hernia, GERD, esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, H. Pylori infection, Gastritis, Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric cancer.
• Includes descriptions of Lower GI disorders (e.g. Gastroenteritis, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease), appendicitis, abdominal hernias, bowel obstructions, hemorrhoids.

Module 12 (Respiratory System Intro) - 13 & 14

• These modules cover the respiratory system and disorders like atelectasis, asthma, bronchitis, COPD, pneumonia, and other respiratory illnesses.
• They also include discussions on the mechanisms of diffusion, ventilation, and perfusion in the respiratory system.
• Additional content on specific issues like COVID related pulmonary inflammatory issues and other infectious pulmonary disorders are covered.

Module 11 (Renal Disorders)

• Topics include kidney function tests, urinalysis, glomerular disorders (nephrotic and nephritic syndromes), acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis, and specific disorders like bladder cancer.

Module 14 (Male & Female Reproductive System)

• Covers male reproductive issues like testicular torsion, hydrocele, varicocele, epididymitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, balanitis, cryptorchidism, and physical/psychological factors related to these conditions.
• The topics also include female reproductive issues like amenorhea, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), ectopic pregnancy. Cervical Cancer.
• Additional topics in the module include endometriosis, menopause.

Module 7 (Genetics, Inheritance)

• Discusses components like nucleotide, chromosomes, locus, gene, alleles, and principles of inheritance (autosomal dominant and recessive, and x-linked recessive).
• Provides examples and explanations of relevant diseases arising from different types of genetic disorders.

Note: This is a very condensed summary and does not include all possible details. Refer to the original document(s) for more specific information and details.

Test your knowledge on microbiology and spinal cord injuries with this engaging quiz. Answer questions about bacterial shapes, viral infections, and the effects of spinal cord trauma. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.